Typical Owls

It is native to the Aru Islands, New Guinea and northern Australia. It is mainly found in rainforests and the margins of rainforests. Additional habitats may include other forests, moist savannas, and inland wetlands.

It is native to south-eastern and eastern Australia. It inhabits humid tropical forests, forested valleys, coastal forests, shrub thickets, deciduous forests, pine plantations, as well as parks and gardens, at elevations up to 1,500 m.

It is native to mainland Australia and parts of New Guinea and the Moluccas. It inhabits tropical and subtropical forests and woodlands, particularly gallery forests near rivers and swamps, at elevations up to 1,000 m.

It is endemic to Sumba in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest.

It is found across mainland Australia, although it is scarce in more arid regions,  and also occurs in southern New Guinea, Timor, and the Sunda Islands. It occurs in a wide range of habitats, from forest and open woodland to scrubland and semidesert areas.

It is endemic to Rote Island in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. It inhabits dry tropical forests and mangrove forests, and is also found near human settlements.

It is found on Timor, Roma, Leti and Semau islands in the eastern Lesser Sunda Islands. It inhabits tropical forests.

It is native to Pantar and Alor Islands in the eastern Lesser Sunda Islands.

It is widespread in Tasmania and on King Island and other islands of Bass Strait. It predominantly occurs in eucalypt forests.

It is found in New Zealand, and to the northwest, on Norfolk Island, an Australian territory. It primarily inhabits forests dominated by Podocarpus, Nothofagus, Metrosideros, and other hardwoods, occurring up to the alpine tree line, as well as in pine forests.

It is found in Siberia and much of Southeast Asia. Its habitat mainly consists of low altitude deciduous forests with thick vegetation.

It is a resident breeder in most of tropical south Asia from the Middle East to south China. Its habitat is well-wooded country and forest.

It is endemic to the Andaman Islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.

It is found in the Philippines and Indonesia. It inhabits primary lowland rainforest, second-growth forest and mangroves, at elevations up to 1,000 m.

It is endemic to the Andaman Islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical mangrove forest.

It is endemic to the Philippines. It can be found in forest areas up to an altitude of 1,800 m.

It is endemic to the Philippines on the island of Mindanao. Its habitat is in tropical moist lowland primary forest.

It is endemic to the Camiguin island in the Philippines. Its habitat is in tropical moist lowland primary and secondary forests, at elevations up to 700 m.

It is endemic to the Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines. It inhabits tropical moist lowland primary and secondary forests, at elevations up to 700 m.

It is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland primary forest and secondary forests, at elevations up to 700 m.

It is endemic to the Philippines. It is only found on the islands of Tablas, Sibuyan and Romblon. Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forest.

It is endemic to the Philippines. Its habitat is in tropical moist lowland primary and secondary forests, at elevations up to 1,250 m.

It is endemic to the Indonesian island of Sumba. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

It is currently known only from three islands in the Togian group, an archipelago in the Gulf of Tomini off the coast of Sulawesi, Indonesia. It occurs in tropical rainforest, deciduous and secondary forest, gardens, and sago swamps, at elevations up to 400 m.

It is endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

It is endemic to the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. They live in mountain tropical forests at elevations of 1,000–1,700 m.

It inhabits the Indonesian islands of Halmahera, Ternate and Bacan. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

It is found in the Tanimbar Islands of Indonesia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, at elevations up to 1,200 m.

It is found on the Indonesian islands of Seram, Kelang and Ambon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

It is endemic to Christmas Island, a small Australian territory of about 135² km situated in the Indian Ocean. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist shrubland.

It is endemic to Manus Island, in the Admiralty Islands. It lives mainly in forests, but will appear in trees near humans, and will sometimes occupy riparian habitats.

It is native to New Guinea.  It lives mainly in lowland forests, montane forests, and submontane forests, mainly on the forests’ edges.

It is found on the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia and lives mainly in forests near streams, open woodland, and cultivated regions with scattered trees. It is mainly found at altitudes lower than 1,100 m, but is occasionally seen at up to 2,300 m.

It is found in the lowlands and hills of New Britain and New Ireland, at elevations up to 1,200 m.

Endemic to the Bismarck archipelago, it occurs on the islands of New Britain, New Ireland and New Hanover, where it lives in forested lowlands, hills and mountains, up to an altitude of 1,000 m.

It is endemic to New Guinea. It inhabits lowland rainforest or gallery forest in lowland savanna, at elevations up to 1,500 m.

It is endemic to Cuba and Isla de la Juventud. Its natural habitats include dry forests, lowland moist forests, and heavily degraded former forests, with a particular preference for palm plantations.

It has a very large range occurring in the Himalayas of northern Pakistan all the way to eastern China and Taiwan. Its range extends southwards through Malaysia. Its preferred habitat varies from evergreen forests, forest edges, mixed deciduous-evergreen forests with oak, rhododendron and fir and open woodlands with scrub. It occurs at elevations of 1,350–2,750 m.

It is found on the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. It inhabits mountain and foothill forests at elevations of 900–2,700 m.

It is found in the Southwestern United States, central Mexico, and the Baja California peninsula. It inhabits a variety of forest types, dry grassy lowlands and wet savannas, at elevations up to 2,000 m.

It is endemic to a small area in Amazonas and San Martín departments of northern Peru. It inhabits humid montane forest and elfin forest at elevations of 1,900–2,600 m.

It is found in coniferous and mixed forests of Eurasia and North America. It breeds in dense boreal, subalpine forest as well as mixed woodland.

Its range covers most of North America south of the boreal forest, including south-eastern and south-central Alaska, southern Canada, most of the United States and the central mountains in Mexico. It inhabits coniferous forests, sometimes mixed or deciduous woods.

It is found in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Panama. It inhabits humid temperate montane forests, including humid oak forest, cloud forest, and pine–oak forest, at elevations of 1,700–3,500 m.

It is found in South America, from Colombia south and east to Peru, northern Argentina, and north-western Paraguay. Its range is interrupted by the Amazon Basin, where it is absent. It inhabits a variety of landscapes, including open humid forest, dry forest, forest edges, subtropical rainforest, and human-altered areas with fruit trees and palms, at elevations of 600–3,800 m.

It is widespread across Europe, Asia and North Africa. Its range in Eurasia extends from the Iberian Peninsula and Denmark eastwards to China and southwards to the Himalayas. In Africa it is present from Mauritania to Egypt, the Red Sea and Arabia. It breeds in the steppe and forest-steppe zones, occasionally extending into the southern parts of the forest zone.

It breeds in tropical Asia from North Pakistan to Southeast Asia. A common resident of open habitats including farmland and human habitation, it has adapted to living in cities.

It is native to the open landscapes of North and South America. They are typically found in grasslands, rangelands, agricultural areas, deserts, or any other open, dry area with low vegetation.

It is commonest in the drier forests and gallery forests of the south and west of Madagascar, and rather less common in the humid rainforest in the northeast. It also occurs in cultivated areas and secondary forest. It is found mainly in the lowlands, with an upper limit of 800 m.

It has been recorded in central India, including Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat, where it inhabits dense forests.

It is native to the western portion of Solomon Islands archipelago, where it is found in tropical or subtropical moist forests in lowlands and foothills, at elevations up to 1,500 m.

It is endemic to Guadalcanal Island in the Solomon Islands. It inhabits forests and forest edges at elevations up to 1,500 m.

Mostly located on Makira Island, it is indigenous to the Solomon Islands. It lives in thick tropical rainforests, preferably in places where there is a lot of canopy cover. This species is frequently found close to water sources and has been seen in both main and secondary forests.

It is endemic to Malaita Island in the Solomon Islands.

It is found from eastern Alaska through Canada to Newfoundland, extending south in some areas into the northern United States, and from north-eastern Europe eastward to Siberia. It inhabits open coniferous forests, or coniferous forests mixed with deciduous species. They are found in muskegs, clearings, swamp valleys, meadows, or recently burnt areas, and generally avoid dense spruce-fir forests.

It is endemic to Cuba. It inhabits the interiors and edges of coastal, deciduous, and montane forest, both primary and secondary. and also found in areas such as pastures with scattered trees, cultivated fields, plantations, and large city parks, at elevations up to 1,500 m.

It is found from approximately Valparaíso Province in Chile and Neuquén Province in western Argentina south to the tip of Tierra del Fuego. It inhabits a variety of landscapes from city parks and farmland with scattered trees to deciduous forests and thickets, evergreen shrublands, temperate and southern beech (Nothofagus) forests, and Patagonian steppe, at elevations up to 2,000 m.

It is found on the western slope of the Andes from north-central Ecuador south through Peru into Chile as far as the Antofagasta Region. It inhabits a variety of moist to arid landscapes including deciduous and riparian forest, arid lowland and montane scrublands, agricultural areas with large trees, and gardens, at elevations up to 3,500 m.

It is found in south-central Arizona and southern Texas in the United States, extending south through Mexico and Central America into Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina. It inhabits a wide range of semi-open wooded habitats at elevations up to 2,250 m.

It is found in south-eastern Brazil and easternmost Paraguay. It inhabits tropical and subtropical moist evergreen forests and edges as well as open bush canopy.

It occurs in the central and southwestern areas of the Amazonia region. Its presence has been confirmed in Brasil, northern Bolivia, in Peru, and extending east to eastern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. It inhabits the canopy and subcanopy of tall, humid, tropical evergreen forests, at elevations up to 1,100 m.

It is found on the east slope of the Andes from far south-western Colombia through Ecuador and Peru to central Bolivia. It inhabits humid montane forest at elevations of 600–2,000 m.

It is found from southern Mexico through Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama into northw-estern Colombia. A disjunct populations is in far north-western Ecuador. It inhabits lowland and foothill humid tropical evergreen forest, secondary forest, semi-open areas, and mature cacao plantations, at elevations up to 1,300 m.

It is endemic to Mexico where it is only found in the mountains of northeastern Mexico, in the northern part of the state of Hidalgo and the southeastern part of the state of San Luis Potosí. Its habitat is moist evergreen forest, montane forest and cloud forest at elevations of 900–2,100 m.

It is found in western Mexico from central Sonora south to Oaxaca, ranging from sea level up to 1,500 m in elevation. It inhabits several types of forests including thorn, tropical deciduous, lowland tropical evergreen, and the lower parts of humid montane forests. It is also found in coffee plantations.

It is found on the eastern slope of the Andes of Peru south through Bolivia into north-western Argentina. It inhabits montane forest and cloud forest with heavy undergrowth and much moss and epiphytes, and also Podocarpus forest, at elevations of 1,400–3,000 m.

It is found in far western Venezuela and the central and western Andes of Colombia south through Ecuador to central Peru. It inhabits a variety of mountain landscapes including cloudforest, elfin forest, Polylepis woodland, and sometimes more open landscapes, at elevations of 1,500–3,500 m.

It is found throughout the Andes of western Colombia and north-western Ecuador, being confined to cloud forests between 900–2,000 m.

It is found the Cordillera Central and Cordillera de Talamanca of Costa Rica, and (patchily) into western Panama, where it inhabits the canopy and edges of humid montane oak and evergreen forests. It occurs at elevations of 900–3,000 m.

It is native to western Canada, the western United States, Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. Its habitats include coniferous, broad-leaved, and mixed mountain forests, as well as tropical and subtropical oak, pine, and evergreen forests, at elevations of 1,500–3,500 m.

It is found in the boreal forests of Northern and Central Europe to eastern Siberia, Mongolia, and north-eastern China. It is found primarily in coniferous forests of the taiga and higher mountainous regions with coniferous and mixed forests.

It is endemic to Southern and Eastern Africa from Kenya and the Eastern Cape to Western Angola. It occurs in open habitats with trees such as gallery forest, woodland, forest edge and secondary growth.

It is endemic to Sri Lanka. It inhabits dense humid lowland and mountain tropical forests, at elevations up to 1,950 m.

It is found in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. It is found in habitats ranging from scrub forest to deciduous and moist deciduous forests, at elevations up to 2,000 m.

It is found in southeast China, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Nepal, Bangladesh, northeast India and the foothills of the Himalayas into Pakistan. It inhabits woodland habitats such as pine and oak forests, subtropical and tropical evergreen jungles at lower elevations.

It occurs in western Central Africa, from south-eastern Nigeria east through Cameroon to the Central African Republic, and southwards to Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, northern Congo and north-western and central Democratic Republic of Congo. It is generally restricted to lowland primary forest; it avoids regions that are particularly damp, and the forest edges.

It is found in Western and Central Africa. It inhabits primary rainforest and a mosaic of forest and scrub, as well as clearings and forest edges, at elevations up to 2,150 m.

It is found in sub-Saharan Africa. It occurs in a wide range of woodland and bushveld habitats, especially mopane and open thorn savanna with areas of sparse ground cover. They avoid dense woodland and forest, and open grassland and shrubland.

It is native to the islands of Java and Bali. It inhabits subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests at elevations up to 900 m.

It is found only on Príncipe Island, in the Gulf of Guinea, off the coast of Africa. It is found at low elevations in old native forest, which is now confined to the southern part of the island.

It is endemic to the Palau Islands in the western Pacific, where they are found in woodland and lagoon trees, ravines and mangrove swamps.

It is found only on Lombok in the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia and its neighbouring Gili Islands. It inhabits humid tropical forests at elevations up to 1,350 m.

It is endemic to the Sumbawa and Flores islands, in the Lesser Sundas chain of Indonesia. It inhabits humid lowland and montane tropical forests, forest clearings, secondary growth, and bamboo thickets, and occurs near human settlements at elevations of 350–1,700 m.

It is endemic to the Philippines, being found only on the island of Palawan. It is found on tropical moist lowland forest.

It is found on Bohol, Samar, Biliran, Leyte, Mindanao and Basilan. It is found in tropical moist lowland forests and the lower reaches of montane forests, at elevations up to 1,500 m.

It is found on Luzon, Marinduque, and Catanduanes in the northern Philippines. It inhabits humid lowland and montane tropical forests, at elevations of 300–1,600 m.

It is endemic to the islands of Negros and Panay in the Philippines. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland and montane primary and secondary forests, at elevations up to 1,000 m.

It lives on the Malay Peninsula, Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra and Java. It can be found primarily in forests and gardens but is occasionally attracted to buildings.

It is found in Japan, the Korean Peninsula, north-eastern China, and Russia (Sakhalin and Primorsky Krai). It lives in forested habitats such as lowland forests, wooded plains, and forested hillsides, at elevations up to 900 m.

It is a resident breeder in South Asia, from northern Pakistan, northern India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and the Himalayas east to southern China and Taiwan. It inhabits dry and humid tropical forests, woodlands, plantations, parks, and gardens, at elevations up to 2,400 m.

It is found in Pakistan, Iran, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. They live in dry and humid tropical forests, woodlands, and forested areas, in arid regions, on plantations, and in parks and gardens, at elevations up to 2,400 m.

It occurs in the Barisan Mountains of western Sumatra and in the mountains of northern Kalimantan, northern Sarawak, north-western North Kalimantan, and southern Sabah. It inhabits humid montane rainforests at elevations of 1,200–2,400 m.

It is endemic to larger islands of Mentawai, of west Sumatra, Indonesia. It inhabits humid lowland tropical forests and secondary thickets.

It is endemic to Enggano Island, Indonesia. It inhabits humid tropical forests and woodlands.

It is endemic to the island of Simeulue, Indonesia. It inhabits the edges of humid tropical forests, especially in coastal areas, and is also found in clove plantations.

It is endemic to the Nicobar Islands, India. Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests.

It occurs in the Morne Seychellois National Park on the Seychelles island of Mahé. It lives in humid and cloud tropical forests, in gardens and plantations, at elevations of 100–700 m.

It is found on small islands between Borneo and the Philippines. It lives in humid lowland tropical forests, at forest edges and clearings, and in coconut groves and casuarina plantations.

It is endemic to the Sangihe Islands, occurring mainly in North Sangihe, Indonesia, where it inhabits forests and mixed plantations.

It is found on Banggai Island in Indonesia. It lives in humid flat tropical forests, at elevations up to 1,000 m.

It is found on the Sulawesi island of Indonesia. It lives in humid lowland and montane tropical forests, at elevations up to 2,500 m.

It is endemic to the twin islands of Biak-Supiori in Cenderawasih Bay, Papua, Indonesia. It lives in humid lowland and swampy tropical forests, at elevations up to 300 m.

It is found on the Sula Islands of Indonesia. It lives in humid lowland and montane tropical forests and swamps, at elevations up to 1,100 m.

It is endemic to Wetar of the Maluku Islands of Indonesia. It lives in humid lowland tropical forests, plantations, and gardens.

It is found in the Maluku and Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. It lives in lowland and swampy tropical forests, as well as on plantations and in gardens, at elevations up to 900 m.

It is found on the Ryukyu Islands of southern Japan, on Lanyu Island off south-east Taiwan, and on the Batanes and Babuyan Islands off northern Luzon, Philippines, in tropical or subtropical evergreen forest.

It has an extremely wide distribution across eastern and southern Asia, from the Russian Far East to Thailand. It lives in various forests and woodlands, on plantations, in parks and gardens, at elevations up to 2,300 m.

It is endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Socotra off the Horn of Africa. On Socotra it is found on over 45% of the island, most numerous in areas where there are mature palms. Its preferred habitat is rocky semi-desert with scattered trees and bushes.

It is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa. It ranges from sea level to 2,000 m in elevation, and is found in wooded habitats and forest edge, including in gardens and mangroves.

It lives in the Sarawat Mountains in south-western Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Oman. It inhabits palm groves in semi-deserts and deserts, rocky areas with little vegetation, and areas near settlements.

It ranges from the Middle East to west and central Asia, with some populations migrating as far as the Arabian Peninsula, Egypt, and Pakistan in the winter. It inhabits semi-open country with trees and bushes.

It is endemic to the island of Cyprus, where it occurs in rural areas, woodlands, and forests from sea level up to 1,900 m.

It breeds in southern Europe eastwards into western and central Asia. It is migratory, wintering in southernmost Europe and sub-Saharan Africa

It is endemic to Pemba, the northern island of the Zanzibar archipelago, off the coast of east Africa. It is found in all wooded habitats from native forest to overgrown plantations of cloves and mango. However, it is most common in native forest.

It is found only on the mountain in the centre of the island of Mohéli, the total range covering 21 km2, including the highest point of the ridge, at 790 m in altitude, and the adjacent upper slopes. It occurs in dense humid forest, which is rich in epiphytes between 450 and 790 m.

It is found only on the island of Anjouan, where it occurs in the remaining fragments of native upland forest, degraded forest and plantations.

It is endemic to the island of Grande Comore, the Karthala scops owl is found only on Mount Karthala, an active volcano. Here it inhabits the montane forest, some secondary growth and the tree-heath above the forest.

It is endemic to Maore Island in Mayotte, where it is common and widespread, inhabiting subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

It is endemic to eastern parts of Madagascar. It prefers humid tropical forests and bush.

It is endemic to western parts of Madagascar. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests, as well as man-made habitats such as parks, up to 2,000 m above sea level.

It is endemic to São Tomé Island in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

It is native to the Mindoro island in the Philippines. It is found in tropical moist montane forests, at elevations above 870 m.

It is endemic to Luzon, Philippines. It is found in rainforests, montane forests, and tropical pine forests, at elevations of 350–1,800 m.

It is endemic to Mindanao Island in the Philippines. It is found in tropical montane forest above 1,000 m.

It is endemic to West Java’s highland forest. It prefers montane forest with a well-developed understory at elevations of 1,500–2,000 m.

It is found in Bangladesh Bhutan, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Taiwan, and Thailand. It inhabits humid montane and lowland tropical forests, at elevations up to 2,750 m.

It is endemic to the island of Flores, Indonesia, where it inhabits montane forests at elevations of 1,000–1,400 m.

It is native to the Andaman Islands of India. It prefers living in trees in semi-open areas, including gardens, cultivated areas, and next to human settlements.

It has a highly restricted range in coastal Kenya and north-eastern Tanzania. It has very specific habitat requirements of undisturbed lowland forest.

It has a scattered distribution across the African tropical rainforest ; it has been recorded from Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo and Central African Republic. It occurs in lowland evergreen forest, open canopy forest and scrub, or in open forest mosaic land.

It inhabits humid lowland tropical forests with dense undergrowth in southwestern Sri Lanka. It occurs at elevations of 50–300 m.

It is found in western Thailand and in Peninsular Malaysia. Its range covers about 149,000 km² of forest, at elevations of 0–700 m.

It is known only from the islands of Dinagat, Siargao, and Mindanao in the southern Philippines. Its habitat is primary and secondary forests, mostly at an altitude of under 670 m although it has been seen up to 1,300 m.

It is found in Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei. It inhabits humid lowland tropical forests, at elevations up to 1,000 m.

It occurs patchily in the western regions central and southern Africa. It prefers open terrain with scattered trees and bushes, such as savannas and light dry forests, and avoids deserts and dense forests.

Its range extends across the African continent, from the southern edge of the Sahara and the north-eastern tip of Africa, and from Senegal and Gambia in the west to Somalia in the east. It inhabits savannahs, open woodlands, dry woodlands, forest edges and clearings, and moderately dense riverine forests.

It is endemic to the island of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea and to Choiseul Island and Santa Isabel Island in the Solomon Islands. It is found in old-growth lowland and hill forest, usually in primary forest but also sometimes in nearby secondary forest and woodland edges up to 2,000 m.

They are common in the grasslands of southern Africa, occurring in the northern regions of South Africa down to the province of the Eastern Cape. They are also found in Zimbabwe on the Mashonaland plateau, and in the Makgadikgadi lacustrine depression in Botswana.

It occurs on all continents except Antarctica and Australia; thus it has one of the most widespread distributions of any bird. It breeds in Europe, Asia, North and South America, the Caribbean, Hawaii and the Galápagos Islands. It is partially migratory, moving south in winter from the northern parts of its range.

It is found in Mexico, parts of Central America, Cuba, Hispaniola, and 10 countries in South America. It inhabits montane pine, pine-oak, and cloud forests, thorn scrub, cerrado, pine plantations, and even urban parks, at elevations up to 3,000 m.

It is endemic to Madagascar, where it is widespread in the western and central regions of the island, at elevations up to 1,800 m. It inhabits a variety of woodland habitats, mainly in the drier western forests, although it appears quite adaptable, and also occurs in degraded habitats, even on the central plateau where the forest cover has been fragmented.

It lives in the Albertine Rift montane forests, Ethiopia and northern Kenya. It prefers open grasslands or moorlands with oak or cedar forests, and it is found in mountain valleys and gorges at elevations of up to 3,900 m.

It is widely distributed in Europe and North Asia, from north of the high-trunked forest zone to the Okhotsk coast, Primorye, and Japan (Hokkaido), and south to Iraq, Central Asia, the Himalayas, and China. It also occurs in North Africa, the Canary Islands, and North America.

It is native to much of South and Central America. It uses a variety of habitats, including riparian woodlands, marshes, savannahs, grassy open areas, and tropical rainforests, at elevations up to 1,600 m.

It is found throughout the island of Jamaica. It inhabits a variety of open and semi-open landscapes such as open woodland, forest edges, plantations, and gardens. It is primarily a bird of coastal and lowland areas, but can be found as high as 600 m of elevation in the mountains.

It is known only from the lowland, tropical rainforest of west Africa and has a patchy distribution from Liberia in the west through to the Democratic Republic of Congo.

It occurs throughout sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. It is found in thorn savanna and suburban gardens.

It is found in the northern part of sub-Saharan Africa from Mauritania and Liberia east to Sudan and Somalia. Its habitats include dry rocky deserts and open savannah, as well as lowland forests in Somalia.

It is endemic to the Arabian Peninsula, occurring in southwestern Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. It is found mainly in coastal areas and slightly inland, avoiding the most barren parts of the desert interior.

Its range is limited to the southernmost regions of southern Africa and parts of East Africa. It occurs in mountainous and hilly areas with rocks, as well as adjacent woodlands, grasslands, and wooded gullies, up to 2,500 m.

It is native to much of arid Northern Africa, including some of the most desolate parts of the central Saharan Desert, and extending east into the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East. Its preferred habitat is mostly open, barren plains or desert with scattered palms or other endemic plants, where it nests in rocky outcrops, wadis and cliffs.

It inhabits scrub and light to medium forests, but is especially common near rocky areas within the Indian subcontinent south of the Himalayas, below 1,500 m elevation.

It breeds in Europe and Northern Asia — north to forest edges, east to Yakutia, Sakhalin, and Japan, and south to North Africa, Arabia, and southern China. It mostly inhabits mountainous and rocky areas, often near varied woodland edge and near shrubby areas with openings or wetlands. Also occurs in coniferous forests, steppes, and remote areas.

Its range extends from central Peru and western Bolivia southwards through Chile and western Argentina as far as Tierra del Fuego. The bird occurs in a variety of habitats including open forest, scrubland, farmland and grassland.

It is distributed throughout most of North America and very spottily in Central America and then down into South America. It inhabits deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests, tropical rainforests, pampas, prairie, mountainous areas, deserts, subarctic tundra, rocky coasts, mangrove swamp forests, and some urban areas.

It nests in the Arctic tundra of the northernmost stretches of Alaska, Northern Canada, and the Euro-Siberian region. In winter, it migrates to southern zones, including steppes and deserts.

It is endemic to west Africa. It is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, where it occurs as a highly localised resident along shady river banks. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.

It is patchily distributed in Nigeria, Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea, Sierra Leone, and in central Africa from the coast to eastern Zaire and discontinuously to South Sudan, Somalia, Kenya, and Tanzania and southwards to Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and eastern South Africa.

It is endemic to a large area of tropical west-central Africa extending from southern Nigeria in the west to South Sudan in the east and northern Angola to the south. It habitats gallery forests along rivers that are at least 10 m wide, and pools and flooded areas in forests; it sometimes occurs away from water.

It is endemic to the Philippines, where it is found in lowland forests on the islands of Catanduanes, Samar, Bohol, Mindanao, Luzon, Leyte and possibly Sibuyan.

It is found from Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh to Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia into China. It inhabits forests, wooded wetlands, agricultural areas with scattered groves and trees, and roadside avenues with old large trees.

It is distributed through the Lower Himalayas from Kumaon east to Burma, and further to central Laos, central Vietnam, southern Thailand, and Sri Lanka. It inhabits primary and older secondary forests at elevations of 900–1,200 m.

It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It typically is a resident of evergreen forests with pools or streams, but also ranges into large gardens with tall, densely foliated trees.

It is found from Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore to Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and the Sunda Islands. It inhabits tropical forests and freshwater wetlands near rivers, lakes and aquaculture sites at elevations up to 1,600 m.

It lives in subtropical to temperate forests in southern Nepal, northern India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Laos, Myanmar, Taiwan, and Vietnam. It occurs at elevations of 1,500–2,450 m.

It is an all-year resident throughout most tropical and subtropical parts of the Indian Subcontinent to Southeast Asia and adjoining regions. It inhabits mainly the lowlands, from open woodland to dense forest as well as in plantations; in the Himalayas foothills it ranges into submontane forest up to 1,500 m.

It is found in eastern Russia from Magadan to Primorye, Sakhalin and the southern Kuril Islands, as well as in Japan and north-eastern China. It occurs in dense, minimally or undisturbed old-growth forest near waterways including floodplains or wooded coastlines.

It is found in Central and Western Africa. It has been found in widely scattered locations, perhaps isolated by habitat destruction. It is a resident of lowland tropical rainforests and has never been recorded outside densely forested or old-growth areas.

It is found through most of sub-Saharan Africa, though it is absent from most of the deep rainforests. It is found at the highest densities in eastern and southern Africa. Because it avoids primary forests, it is found very spottily in west Africa.

It has a patchy range that extends through a number of the west African countries which have coastlines on the Gulf of Guinea, from Guinea east to Cameroon and south to Angola, extending inland into the southern Central African Republic, Congo and northern parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo.

It is widely distributed across the African tropical rainforest and is also found on Bioko. It inhabits primarily forests, forest clearings, and cardamom plantations at elevations up to 1,600 m.

It breeds from southern British Columbia and the western United States to central Mexico. As a Neotropical migrant, it winters from southern Mexico to Guatemala and El Salvador. It typically inhabits coniferous forests.

It is endemic to the archipelago of Puerto Rico. It inhabits moist lowland forests, but it is also found in dry forests and urban areas.

It is found in south-eastern Brazil, south-eastern Paraguay, and extreme north-eastern Argentina. It inhabits a variety of landscapes, especially lowland rainforest and including forest with thick undergrowth, edges, open woodland, and secondary forest.

It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. It inhabits the interior of lowland rainforest, mostly old growth and mature secondary forest, at elevations of 600–700 m.

It is found from Santa Elena and Guayas Provinces in south-western Ecuador south slightly into north-western Peru. It inhabits dry deciduous woodland on mountain slopes and hills, dry coastal scrub and deciduous forests at elevations of 500–2,100 m.

It is known only from Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta of northern Colombia. It inhabits humid forests at elevations of 1,800–2,500 m.

It is found in the southeastern Brazilian states of Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul, in Misiones Province of northeastern Argentina, and in adjoining northern Uruguay. It inhabits sparse woodland, pastures with trees, the edges of dense forest, secondary forest, and woodlots near villages.

It is found in southern and northern Venezuela, southern Guyana, Suriname, eastern Colombia, eastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and eastern Ecuador. It inhabits dense humid to wet rainforest at elevations of 250–1,800 m.

It is found from central Panama into north-western Colombia and in a narrow band of western Ecuador. It inhabits the interior and borders of humid primary and secondary forest in lowlands and foothills at elevations of 1,000–1,575 m.

It is found from south-central Bolivia’s Cochabamba Department south into north-western Argentina as far as Tucumán Province. It inhabits moist montane and cloud forests characterized by tall trees and abundant epiphytes at elevations of 1,000–2,800 m.

It lives in the Andes of south and central Peru, in the Departments of Pasco, Cuzco, and Puno, as well as in northern Bolivia. It inhabits cloud forest, a humid, mossy landscape with epiphytes, ferns, and a dense understory, at elevations of 1,550–2,580 m.

It is known only from the eastern slope of the Andes, ranging from southern Ecuador into northern Peru, and occurring locally in northern Colombia. It inhabits humid montane forest at elevations of 1,650–2,450 m.

It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. It inhabits a wide variety of forest types including the interior and edges of mature evergreen and secondary forests and pastures with scattered trees, at elevations of 1,200–2,500 m.

It is endemic to Peru. It inhabits evergreen forests, dry forests, and scrubby areas in intermontane valleys. It occurs at elevations of 1,400–4,500 m.

It is found from northern Mexico to western Panama. It inhabits evergreen, semi-deciduous, and thorn forests, and to a lesser extent, secondary forests and plantations at elevations of 0–1,500 m.

It is endemic to interior southwestern Mexico. Its range is centered on the valley of the Balsas River from southern Jalisco southeast into central Guerrero. It inhabits arid open and semi-open areas such as deciduous woodland with cactus, thorn forest, and secondary forest, at elevations of 600–1,500 m.

It is found in eastern North America, ranging from Mexico northward to Canada. It inhabits most types of woodland habitats across its range, and is relatively adaptable to urban and developed areas.

It is native to Canada, United States, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua. Its habitat includes temperate forests, subtropical and tropical montane forests, shrubland, desert, rural fields, and even suburban parks and gardens.

It is found from eastern Oaxaca and Chiapas in Mexico, south along the Pacific slope into north-western Costa Rica. It inhabits swamp forests and mangroves, arid and semi-arid woodlands and scrub, open areas with scattered trees and cacti, and secondary forest.

It is found from the highlands of central Chiapas, Mexico south and east into the highlands of central and western Guatemala. It inhabits humid temperate montane forests of various types, including pine-oak, oak, and cloud forests, at elevations of 1,350–2,500 m.

It is found from Costa Rica and Panama south and throughout South America, almost entirely east of the Andes, but not in the far south. It inhabits secondary forests, open woodland, coffee plantations, residential areas, and the borders of terra firme and várzea forests.

It is found in the Andes of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. It inhabits the interior and edges of open humid evergreen montane forest and cloud forest and semi-open areas of scattered trees, at elevations of 1,300–3,700 m.

It is found in Costa Rica, Panama, and far north-western Colombia. Its habitat is in mountain forests that are dense and humid, along with the edges of forests and in cloud forests that have an elevation of 900–3,300 m.

It is found from south-eastern Arizona and south-western New Mexico in the United States, south through Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras to north-central Nicaragua. Its breeding habitat includes dense coniferous or oak woodlands and coffee plantations.

It is found only in the Atlantic Forest north of the São Francisco River of Brazil, and is threatened by forest fragmentation.

It is found on the eastern slopes of the Andes, from central Colombia south through Ecuador and Peru to west-central Bolivia. It primarily inhabits the interior of humid montane forests and foothill rainforests, at elevations of 650–2,200 m.

It is found in Brazil from Espírito Santo state south to northern Rio Grande do Sul and the immediately adjacent areas of eastern Paraguay and northeastern Argentina. It inhabits humid tropical forest, open woodland, and forest dominated by Araucaria evergreens, at elevations up to 1,500 m.

It is found in forests from southern Mexico and Trinidad, through Central America, and south to southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northwestern Argentina.

It is found in Central America and northern South America. It occurs throughout most of the Amazon Basin, except in the northwestern region. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, at elevations up to 1,000 m.

It is found in Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, southern Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, and Bawean), and the western Philippines (Palawan and the Calamian Islands). It inhabits plantations, forest clearings, evergreen secondary forests, and forest edges.

It is fairly common throughout the Indian subcontinent and in the Himalayan foothills of India and southern Nepal. It is found in the plains in gardens and lightly wooded habitats.

It lives in coastal woodlands and tropical forests, ranging from India and Sri Lanka to south-western China, and from Myanmar south to Malaysia, Sumatra, and Borneo. It occurs at elevations of 700–4,000 m.

It has a distribution stretching discontinuously across temperate Europe, from Great Britain and the Iberian Peninsula eastwards to western Siberia. It is found in deciduous and mixed forests, and sometimes mature conifer plantations, at elevations of 0–2,400 m.

It occurs in north-western Africa from Morocco to Tunisia and Mauritania.

The range extends from the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh, Nepal, and south-eastern Tibet eastward to the east coast of China, Taiwan, and Korea, and southward to southern Assam, north-western Myanmar, and northern Vietnam. It occurs at elevations of 1,000–2,700 m.

It breeds in Israel, northeast Egypt, Jordan, and the Arabian Peninsula. Its habitat includes desert, semi-desert, rocky ravines, and palm groves. It nests in crevices and holes in cliffs.

It is found in shrubland and rocky areas of Oman, Iran and the United Arab Emirates.

It is found in western North America, ranging from British Columbia to Mexico. It occurs in a variety of hardwood and coniferous forest habitats, although it prefers closed-canopy, uneven-aged, late-successional, and old-growth forests.

It is distributed throughout most of the eastern United States, as well as much of southern Canada. Its habitat consists mainly of old deciduous and mixed forests, and occasionally coniferous

It occurs in three disjunct areas. The largest is along the Sierra Madre Oriental between San Luis Potosi in the north and Veracruz in the south. The next largest is a band from Durango south to Michoacán and the third is a relatively small area in Guerrero.

It is found in highland regions in the Mexican states of Chiapas and Oaxaca, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. It imnhabits in montane evergreen pine forests and humid pine-oak forests, and more generally within a cloud forest habitat.

It is found in south-eastern Brazil from Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul, in south-eastern Paraguay, and in Argentina’s extreme north-eastern Misiones Province. It inhabits the interior and edges of a variety of wooded landscapes including montane, tropical evergreen, and temperate forest, at elevations up to 1,000 m.

It is found in southern South America, from Bolivia’s Santa Cruz Department south through western Paraguay into north-central Argentina. It inhabits the Gran Chaco at elevations of 500–1,300 m.

It is found in Chile from Valparaíso Province and in far western Argentina from Mendoza Province south to the tip of Tierra del Fuego. It primarily inhabits moist old-growth forests with a closed canopy and dense understory, at elevations up to 2,000 m.

The breeding range extends as far west as much of Scandinavia, montane eastern Europe, and, sporadically, central Europe, thence sweeping across the Palearctic broadly through Russia to as far east as Sakhalin and throughout Japan.

It breeds in North America, from as far east as Quebec to the Pacific coast and Alaska. In Eurasia, its breeding range extends north to 52°N latitude, from Scandinavia east to the Anadyr Basin and along the coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan.

It is found throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa. Its range extends from Senegal and The Gambia eastward to Ethiopia, and south to Angola, Botswana, and Zimbabwe. It is also inhabits in Mozambique and the Cape Province of South Africa.

It is native to Central and South America. Its range extends from Mexico south to Argentina and Brazil, occurring at elevations up to 2,500 m. It inhabits a variety of wooded habitats and plantations, as well as open countryside with scattered trees.

It is found in the Andes, from northern Venezuela south to western and southern Bolivia. It inhabits humid evergreen montane forest and cloud forests with a dense understory, epiphytes, and mosses, at elevations of 1,700–3,700 m.

Its natural habitats are varied subtropical or tropical forests ranging from lowlands to areas of medium altitude, and it has been found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

Its range extends from central Mexico south to the north-western section of Peru and western Colombia. It is mostly found in gallery forests and rainforests, but also occurs in wet deciduous and mangrove forests at elevations of 0–2400 m.