(Leptotyphlopidae)
Thread Snakes
Стрункі сліпуни
The Leptotyphlopidae (commonly called slender blind snakes or thread snakes) are a family of small snakes found in North America, South America, Africa and Asia. All are fossorial and adapted to burrowing, feeding on ants and termites. Two subfamilies are recognized: Leptotyphlopinae and Epictinae.
Relatively small snakes, leptotyphlopids rarely exceed 30 cm in length; only Trilepida macrolepis and Namibiana occidentalis grow larger. The cranium and upper jaws are immobile and no teeth are in the upper jaw. The lower jaw consists of a much elongated quadrate bone, a tiny compound bone, and a relatively larger dentary bone. The body is cylindrical with a blunt head and a short tail. The scales are highly polished. The pheromones they produce protect them from attack by termites. Among these snakes is what is believed to be the world’s smallest: Tetracheilostoma carlae.
Leptotyphlopids are found in Africa, western Asia from Turkey to eastern India, on Socotra Island, and from the southwestern United States south through Mexico and Central America to South America, though not in the high Andes. In Pacific South America, they occur as far south as southern coastal Peru, and on the Atlantic side as far as Uruguay and Argentina. In the Caribbean, they are found on the Bahamas, Hispaniola, and the Lesser Antilles.
Leptotyphlopids occur in a wide variety of habitats from arid areas to rainforest, and are known to occur near ant and termite nests.
The diets of leptotyphlopids consist mostly of termite or ant larvae, pupae, and adults. Most species suck out the contents of insect bodies and discard the exoskeleton.
Snakes in the family Leptotyphlopidae are oviparous. Females lay 2 to 6 eggs.
(Tetracheilostoma bilineatum)
Two-lined Blind Snake
Стрункий сліпун дволінійний
It is found on Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Barbados in the Lesser Antilles.
(Santa Lucía Threadsnake)
Santa Lucía Threadsnake
Стрункий сліпун сент-люсійський
It is endemic to the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia and inhabits forest at elevations of 40–60 m.
(Tetracheilostoma carlae)
Barbados Threadsnake
Стрункий сліпун барбадоський
It is endemic to the island of Barbados in the Caribbean Sea.
(Tricheilostoma bicolor)
Two-colored Blind Snake
Стрункий сліпун двоколірний
It is found in Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, and Chad, and possibly also in Cameroon. It inhabits wet and dry savannas at elevations of up to 700 m.
(Tricheilostoma sundewalli)
Sundevalls Worm Snake
Стрункий сліпун Сундеваля
It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo.
The genus (Tricheilostoma) also includes: (Tricheilostoma kongoensis), (Tricheilostoma greenwelli), Sudan Blind Snake (Tricheilostoma dissimilis), (Tricheilostoma broadleyi).
(Trilepida anthracina)
Bailey's Blind Snake
Стрункий сліпун Бейлі
It is found in Ecuador at Abituagua, Balzapamba, Baños de Agua Santa, and Zamora. It inhabits forest at elevations of 1,000–1,800 m.
(Trilepida brasiliensis)
Brazilian Blind Snake
Стрункий сліпун бразильський
It is found in the Brazilian states of Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Piauí, Rondônia, and Tocantins, where it inhabits cerrado savannas and dry caatinga thickets.
(Trilepida acutirostris)
It is known from the state of Tocantins, Brazil, where it lives in cerrado savannas.
(Trilepida brevissima)
Caqueta Blind Snake
It is known from two localities in the Colombian Andes.
(Trilepida dimidiata)
Dainty Blind Snake
Стрункий сліпун витончений
It is found in Guyana, Suriname, and the Brazilian state of Roraima, and possibly also in south-eastern Venezuela. It inhabits humid tropical forests and savannas at elevations of 20–300 m.
(Trilepida dugandi)
Dugand's Blind Snake
Стрункий сліпун Дуганда
It is found in the Atlántico Department of Colombia. It inhabits forest and shrubland at elevations of up to 800 m, but has also been found in rural gardens.
(Trilepida fuliginosa)
It is found in the Brazilian states of Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Tocantins, where it inhabits cerrado savannas.
(Trilepida jani)
It is endemic to Brazil and is found in the Serra do Espinhaço Mountains in the state of Minas Gerais, at elevations of up to 1,700 m. It inhabits high-altitude meadows.
(Trilepida joshuai)
Joshua's Blind Snake
Сліпун Джошуа
It is found in the Colombian departments of Antioquia, Caldas, and Valle del Cauca. It inhabits forest at elevations of 1,600–2,200 m.
(Trilepida koppesi)
Amaral's Blind Snake
Сліпун Амарала
It is endemic to Brazil, where it is found in the Distrito Federal and the Brazilian states of Bahia, Goiás, and Mato Grosso. It inhabits grassland and savanna.
(Trilepida macrolepis)
Big-scaled Blind Snake
Великолускатий стрункий сліпун
It is known only from Santander Department, Colombia. It inhabits humid mountain rainforests at elevations of 1,750–1,824 m.
(Trilepida salgueiroi)
Espíritu Santo Blind Snake
It is found in the Brazilian states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro. It inhabits Atlantic forests and caatinga thickets.
(Trilepida pastusa)
Pastuso Thread Snake
It is endemic to Ecuador.
The genus (Trilepida) also includes: Santander Blind Snake (Trilepida nicefori), Venezuela Blind Snake (Trilepida affinis).
(Namibiana gracilior)
Slender Thread Snake
It is found in southern Namibia and western South Africa. It inhabits thickets of bushes.
(Namibiana occidentalis)
Western Thread Snake
Західний стрункий сліпун
It is found in Namibia and north-western South Africa. It inhabits the Namib Desert, semi-deserts, and dry savannas at elevations of 50–1,500 m.
(Namibiana labialis)
Damara Thread Snake
Стрункий сліпун дамарський
It is found in north-western Namibia and southern Angola. It inhabits dry savannas at elevations of 300–1,200 m.
(Namibiana rostrata)
Angolan Beaked Thread Snake
Дзьобатий сліпун ангольський
It is found in southern Angola, inhabiting dry savannas with spurges and baobabs, as well as wooded miombo savannas. It occurs at elevations of up to 1,300 m.
(Namibiana latifrons)
Benguela Worm Snake
It is endemic to the southwestern coast of Angola. It inhabits coastal sand dunes covered with shrub vegetation dominated by spurges.
(Myriopholis algeriensis)
Gambia Blind Snake
Стрункий сліпун гамбійський
It is known from a number of localities in Gambia, southern Morocco, Algeria, southern Tunisia, Mauritania, northern Mali, and north-eastern Niger. It inhabits the Sahara Desert, where it is found in oases and wadis at elevations of up to 1,100 m.
(Myriopholis blanfordi)
Sindh Thread Snake
Стрункий сліпун Бланфорда
It is found in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, southern Iran, and possibly the Arabian Peninsula.
(Myriopholis burii)
Arabian Blind Snake
Стрункий сліпун аравійський
It is found in southwestern Saudi Arabia and southwestern Yemen at elevations of 1,350–1,460 m.
(Myriopholis cairi)
Cairo Blind Snake
Стрункий сліпун каїрський
It is found in Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Niger, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, and possibly in Libya. It inhabits dry shrubbery, as well as fields and gardens near water bodies, at elevations of up to 400 m.
(Myriopholis ionidesi)
Ionides’ Worm Snake
It is known from a number of localities in south-eastern Tanzania and northern Malawi and Mozambique. It inhabits miombo woodlands at elevations of up to 130 m.
(Myriopholis longicauda)
Long-tailed Thread Snake
Стрункий сліпун довгохвостий
It is found in eastern Botswana, Kenya, Mozambique, southern Somalia, north-eastern South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It inhabits savannas.
(Myriopholis macrorhyncha)
Hook-snouted Worm Snake
Стрункий сліпун гачконосий
It is found in isolated populations across northern Africa and in south-western Asia. It inhabits Mediterranean thickets, semi-deserts, and dry savannas, and is found near human settlements at elevations of up to 1,250 m.
(Myriopholis macrura)
Boulenger's Blind Snake
Стрункий сліпун Буленжера
It is endemic to the island of Socotra. It inhabits a variety of habitats, including palm groves, open sandy areas, rocky areas, shrub thickets, rocky hills with little vegetation, and wadis.
(Myriopholis narirostris)
Sahel Thread Snake
Стрункий сліпун сахельський
It is found in West Africa (Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, and possibly Guinea) and in Middle Africa (Central African Republic). It inhabits wet savanna and dry forest.
(Myriopholis nursii)
Nurse's Blind Snake
Стрункий сліпун Нерса
It is endemic to the southern Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa. It inhabits savannas and agricultural lands with moist soil at elevations of 50–1,525 m.
(Myriopholis parkeri)
Parker’s Worm Snake
Стрункий сліпун Паркера
It is found in Ethiopia and Kenya. It inhabits dry meadows and dry acacia and commiphora thickets.
(Myriopholis rouxestevae)
Roux-Estève’s Worm Snake
It is found in Senegal, Guinea, and Uganda. It inhabits agricultural areas.
(Myriopholis wilsoni)
Wilson's Blind Snake
Стрункий сліпун Вілсона
It is endemic to the island of Socotra in Yemen. It inhabits forest and shrubland at elevations from sea level to 995 m.
(Myriopholis)
It is a genus of snakes in the family Leptotyphlopidae. Representatives of this genus occur in Africa, West Asia, and South Asia.
Yemen Blind Snake (Myriopholis yemenica), Tana Worm Snake (Myriopholis tanae), (Myriopholis perreti), (Myriopholis occipitalis), (Myriopholis mackayi), Lanza’s Worm Snake (Myriopholis lanzai), Socotra Island Blind Snake (Myriopholis filiformis), Eritrean Worm Snake (Myriopholis erythraeus), Scortecci’s Blind Snake (Myriopholis braccianii), Bouet’s Worm Snake (Myriopholis boueti), White-bellied Worm Snake (Myriopholis albiventer), Adler’s Worm Snake (Myriopholis adleri).
(Leptotyphlops conjunctus)
Cape Thread Snake
Стрункий сліпун капський
It is found in central areas of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and elsewhere in north-eastern and eastern South Africa, as well as in Lesotho and Eswatini. It inhabits meadows at elevations of up to 1,600 m.
(Leptotyphlops distanti)
Distant's Thread Snake
Стрункий сліпун Дістанта
It is found in Eswatini, southern Mozambique, and South Africa. It inhabits savanna and shrubland at elevations of 250–1,600 m
(Leptotyphlops emini)
Emin Pasha’s Worm Snake
Стрункий сліпун Еміна
It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and northern Zambia. It inhabits savanna and shrubland at elevations of 650–1,370 m.
(Leptotyphlops incognitus)
Incognito Thread Snake
The species occurs in southern Zambia and Malawi, northern and eastern Zimbabwe, central and southern Mozambique, north-eastern South Africa, and Eswatini, and possibly also eastern Botswana. It inhabits dry tropical forests, wet savannas and grasslands, under stones and fallen leaves, and in termite mounds.
(Leptotyphlops jacobseni)
Jacobsen's Thread Snake
Стрункий сліпун Якобсена
It is endemic to South Africa, occurring in southern Limpopo and northern Mpumalanga. It inhabits high-altitude meadows, under rocks, and old termite mounds at elevations of 1,300–1,700 m.
(Leptotyphlops kafubi)
Shaba Thread Snake
It occurs in southern and central Africa, with confirmed records from Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia. Its preferred habitat is savannas, but it may also be found in disturbed or artificial terrestrial environments.
(Leptotyphlops macrops)
Goggle-eyed Worm Snake
It is found exclusively along the coast of southern Kenya and northern Tanzania in East Africa. It inhabits coastal forests and humid savannas at altitudes of up to 100 m.
(Leptotyphlops merkeri)
Merker's Thread Snake
Стрункий сліпун Меркера
It is found on the mountain plateaus of the East African Plateau in Kenya and Tanzania. It inhabits wet and dry savannas, grasslands, and shrublands at altitudes of up to 1,500 m.
(Leptotyphlops nigricans)
Black Thread Snake
Чорний стрункий сліпун
It is endemic to the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa. It inhabits bushes, meadows, and savannas.
(Leptotyphlops scutifrons)
Peter's Thread Snake
Стрункий сліпун Пітерса
It is found in Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Eswatini, and western Lesotho. It inhabits wet and dry savannas, grasslands, and coastal scrub.
(Leptotyphlops sylvicolus)
Forest Thread Snake
Стрункий сліпун лісовий
It is endemic to South Africa, occurring in the provinces of KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape. It inhabits exclusively wooded areas.
(Leptotyphlops telloi)
Tello's Thread Snake
Стрункий сліпун Телло
It is found in the Lubombo Mountains on the border of Eswatini and Mozambique, and probably also in South Africa. It inhabits montane savannas at altitudes of 125–700 m.
(Leptotyphlops)
This is a genus of nonvenomous blind snakes, endemic to Africa and found throughout the continent.
Pungwe Thread Snake (Leptotyphlops pungwensis), Pitman’s Thread Snake (Leptotyphlops pitmani), Pemba Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops pembae), Black-tip Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops nigroterminus), Mbanja Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops mbanjensis), Uvira Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops latirostris), Mount Kenya Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops keniensis), Howell’s Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops howelli), Emin Pasha’s Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops emini), Ethiopian Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops aethiopicus).
(Epacrophis drewesi)
Drewes’ Worm Snake
Сліпун Древеса
It is endemic to Kenya. It inhabits the transition zone between East African evergreen shrublands and Acacia–Commiphora bushland at an altitude of 1,300 m.
The genus (Epacrophis) also includes: Lamu Worm Snake (Epacrophis boulengeri), Reticulate Blind Snake (Epacrophis reticulatus).