(Leptotyphlopidae)

Thread Snakes

Стрункі сліпуни

The Leptotyphlopidae (commonly called slender blind snakes or thread snakes) are a family of small snakes found in North America, South America, Africa and Asia. All are fossorial and adapted to burrowing, feeding on ants and termites. Two subfamilies are recognized: Leptotyphlopinae and Epictinae.

Relatively small snakes, leptotyphlopids rarely exceed 30 cm in length; only Trilepida macrolepis and Namibiana occidentalis grow larger. The cranium and upper jaws are immobile and no teeth are in the upper jaw. The lower jaw consists of a much elongated quadrate bone, a tiny compound bone, and a relatively larger dentary bone. The body is cylindrical with a blunt head and a short tail. The scales are highly polished. The pheromones they produce protect them from attack by termites. Among these snakes is what is believed to be the world’s smallest: Tetracheilostoma carlae.

Leptotyphlopids are found in Africa, western Asia from Turkey to eastern India, on Socotra Island, and from the southwestern United States south through Mexico and Central America to South America, though not in the high Andes. In Pacific South America, they occur as far south as southern coastal Peru, and on the Atlantic side as far as Uruguay and Argentina. In the Caribbean, they are found on the Bahamas, Hispaniola, and the Lesser Antilles.

Leptotyphlopids occur in a wide variety of habitats from arid areas to rainforest, and are known to occur near ant and termite nests.

The diets of leptotyphlopids consist mostly of termite or ant larvae, pupae, and adults. Most species suck out the contents of insect bodies and discard the exoskeleton.

Snakes in the family Leptotyphlopidae are oviparous. Females lay 2 to 6 eggs.

 

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tetracheilostoma bilineatum

(Tetracheilostoma bilineatum)

Two-lined Blind Snake

Стрункий сліпун дволінійний

Body length: ≈11 cm.

It is found on Martinique, Saint Lucia, and Barbados in the Lesser Antilles.

tetracheilostoma breuili

(Santa Lucía Threadsnake)

Santa Lucía Threadsnake

Стрункий сліпун сент-люсійський

Body length: ≈11.9 cm.

It is endemic to the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia and inhabits forest at elevations of 40–60 m.

tetracheilostoma carlae

(Tetracheilostoma carlae)

Barbados Threadsnake

Стрункий сліпун барбадоський

Body length: ≈10 cm.

It is endemic to the island of Barbados in the Caribbean Sea.

tricheilostoma bicolor

(Tricheilostoma bicolor)

Two-colored Blind Snake

Стрункий сліпун двоколірний

Body length: 15–20 cm.

It is found in Mali, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Niger, and Chad, and possibly also in Cameroon. It inhabits wet and dry savannas at elevations of up to 700 m.

(Tricheilostoma sundewalli)

Sundevalls Worm Snake

Стрункий сліпун Сундеваля

It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ghana, Nigeria, and Togo.

The genus (Tricheilostoma) also includes: (Tricheilostoma kongoensis), (Tricheilostoma greenwelli), Sudan Blind Snake (Tricheilostoma dissimilis), (Tricheilostoma broadleyi).

trilepida anthracina

(Trilepida anthracina)

Bailey's Blind Snake

Стрункий сліпун Бейлі

It is found in Ecuador at Abituagua, Balzapamba, Baños de Agua Santa, and Zamora. It inhabits forest at elevations of 1,000–1,800 m.

trilepida brasiliensis

(Trilepida brasiliensis)

Brazilian Blind Snake

Стрункий сліпун бразильський

It is found in the Brazilian states of Bahia, Ceará, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Paraíba, Piauí, Rondônia, and Tocantins, where it inhabits cerrado savannas and dry caatinga thickets.

trilepida acutirostris

(Trilepida acutirostris)

It is known from the state of Tocantins, Brazil, where it lives in cerrado savannas.

trilepida brevissima

(Trilepida brevissima)

Caqueta Blind Snake

It is known from two localities in the Colombian Andes.

trilepida dimidiata

(Trilepida dimidiata)

Dainty Blind Snake

Стрункий сліпун витончений

It is found in Guyana, Suriname, and the Brazilian state of Roraima, and possibly also in south-eastern Venezuela. It inhabits humid tropical forests and savannas at elevations of 20–300 m.

trilepida dugandi

(Trilepida dugandi)

Dugand's Blind Snake

Стрункий сліпун Дуганда

It is found in the Atlántico Department of Colombia. It inhabits forest and shrubland at elevations of up to 800 m, but has also been found in rural gardens.

trilepida fuliginosa

(Trilepida fuliginosa)

Body length: <30 cm.

It is found in the Brazilian states of Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Tocantins, where it inhabits cerrado savannas.

trilepida jani

(Trilepida jani)

It is endemic to Brazil and is found in the Serra do Espinhaço Mountains in the state of Minas Gerais, at elevations of up to 1,700 m. It inhabits high-altitude meadows.

trilepida joshuai

(Trilepida joshuai)

Joshua's Blind Snake

Сліпун Джошуа

Body length: ≈22 cm.

It is found in the Colombian departments of Antioquia, Caldas, and Valle del Cauca. It inhabits forest at elevations of 1,600–2,200 m.

trilepida koppesi

(Trilepida koppesi)

Amaral's Blind Snake

Сліпун Амарала

Body length: <34 cm.

It is endemic to Brazil, where it is found in the Distrito Federal and the Brazilian states of Bahia, Goiás, and Mato Grosso. It inhabits grassland and savanna.

trilepida macrolepis

(Trilepida macrolepis)

Big-scaled Blind Snake

Великолускатий стрункий сліпун

Body length: <10.5 cm.

It is known only from Santander Department, Colombia. It inhabits humid mountain rainforests at elevations of 1,750–1,824 m.

trilepida salgueiroi

(Trilepida salgueiroi)

Espíritu Santo Blind Snake

It is found in the Brazilian states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro. It inhabits Atlantic forests and caatinga thickets.

trilepida pastusa

(Trilepida pastusa)

Pastuso Thread Snake

It is endemic to Ecuador.

The genus (Trilepida) also includes: Santander Blind Snake (Trilepida nicefori), Venezuela Blind Snake (Trilepida affinis).

namibiana gracilior

(Namibiana gracilior)

Slender Thread Snake

It is found in southern Namibia and western South Africa. It inhabits thickets of bushes.

namibiana occidentalis

(Namibiana occidentalis)

Western Thread Snake

Західний стрункий сліпун

It is found in Namibia and north-western South Africa. It inhabits the Namib Desert, semi-deserts, and dry savannas at elevations of 50–1,500 m.

namibiana labialis

(Namibiana labialis)

Damara Thread Snake

Стрункий сліпун дамарський

It is found in north-western Namibia and southern Angola. It inhabits dry savannas at elevations of 300–1,200 m.

namibiana rostrata

(Namibiana rostrata)

Angolan Beaked Thread Snake

Дзьобатий сліпун ангольський

It is found in southern Angola, inhabiting dry savannas with spurges and baobabs, as well as wooded miombo savannas. It occurs at elevations of up to 1,300 m.

namibiana latifrons

(Namibiana latifrons)

Benguela Worm Snake

It is endemic to the southwestern coast of Angola. It inhabits coastal sand dunes covered with shrub vegetation dominated by spurges.

myriopholis algeriensis

(Myriopholis algeriensis)

Gambia Blind Snake

Стрункий сліпун гамбійський

It is known from a number of localities in Gambia, southern Morocco, Algeria, southern Tunisia, Mauritania, northern Mali, and north-eastern Niger. It inhabits the Sahara Desert, where it is found in oases and wadis at elevations of up to 1,100 m.

myriopholis blanfordi

(Myriopholis blanfordi)

Sindh Thread Snake

Стрункий сліпун Бланфорда

It is found in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, southern Iran, and possibly the Arabian Peninsula.

myriopholis burii

(Myriopholis burii)

Arabian Blind Snake

Стрункий сліпун аравійський

It is found in southwestern Saudi Arabia and southwestern Yemen at elevations of 1,350–1,460 m.

myriopholis cairi

(Myriopholis cairi)

Cairo Blind Snake

Стрункий сліпун каїрський

It is found in Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Niger, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, and possibly in Libya. It inhabits dry shrubbery, as well as fields and gardens near water bodies, at elevations of up to 400 m.

myriopholis ionidesi

(Myriopholis ionidesi)

Ionides’ Worm Snake

It is known from a number of localities in south-eastern Tanzania and northern Malawi and Mozambique. It inhabits miombo woodlands at elevations of up to 130 m.

myriopholis longicauda

(Myriopholis longicauda)

Long-tailed Thread Snake

Стрункий сліпун довгохвостий

It is found in eastern Botswana, Kenya, Mozambique, southern Somalia, north-eastern South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. It inhabits savannas.

myriopholis macrorhyncha

(Myriopholis macrorhyncha)

Hook-snouted Worm Snake

Стрункий сліпун гачконосий

Body length: 10–16 cm.

It is found in isolated populations across northern Africa and in south-western Asia. It inhabits Mediterranean thickets, semi-deserts, and dry savannas, and is found near human settlements at elevations of up to 1,250 m.

myriopholis macrura

(Myriopholis macrura)

Boulenger's Blind Snake

Стрункий сліпун Буленжера

It is endemic to the island of Socotra. It inhabits a variety of habitats, including palm groves, open sandy areas, rocky areas, shrub thickets, rocky hills with little vegetation, and wadis.

myriopholis narirostris

(Myriopholis narirostris)

Sahel Thread Snake

Стрункий сліпун сахельський

Body length: <23 cm.

It is found in West Africa (Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, and possibly Guinea) and in Middle Africa (Central African Republic). It inhabits wet savanna and dry forest.

myriopholis nursii

(Myriopholis nursii)

Nurse's Blind Snake

Стрункий сліпун Нерса

It is endemic to the southern Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa. It inhabits savannas and agricultural lands with moist soil at elevations of 50–1,525 m.

myriopholis parkeri

(Myriopholis parkeri)

Parker’s Worm Snake

Стрункий сліпун Паркера

It is found in Ethiopia and Kenya. It inhabits dry meadows and dry acacia and commiphora thickets.

myriopholis rouxestevae

(Myriopholis rouxestevae)

Roux-Estève’s Worm Snake

It is found in Senegal, Guinea, and Uganda. It inhabits agricultural areas.

myriopholis wilsoni

(Myriopholis wilsoni)

Wilson's Blind Snake

Стрункий сліпун Вілсона

It is endemic to the island of Socotra in Yemen. It inhabits forest and shrubland at elevations from sea level to 995 m.

(Myriopholis)

It is a genus of snakes in the family Leptotyphlopidae. Representatives of this genus occur in Africa, West Asia, and South Asia.

Yemen Blind Snake (Myriopholis yemenica), Tana Worm Snake (Myriopholis tanae), (Myriopholis perreti), (Myriopholis occipitalis), (Myriopholis mackayi), Lanza’s Worm Snake (Myriopholis lanzai), Socotra Island Blind Snake (Myriopholis filiformis), Eritrean Worm Snake (Myriopholis erythraeus), Scortecci’s Blind Snake (Myriopholis braccianii), Bouet’s Worm Snake (Myriopholis boueti), White-bellied Worm Snake (Myriopholis albiventer), Adler’s Worm Snake (Myriopholis adleri).

leptotyphlops conjunctus

(Leptotyphlops conjunctus)

Cape Thread Snake

Стрункий сліпун капський

It is found in central areas of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa and elsewhere in north-eastern and eastern South Africa, as well as in Lesotho and Eswatini. It inhabits meadows at elevations of up to 1,600 m.

leptotyphlops distanti

(Leptotyphlops distanti)

Distant's Thread Snake

Стрункий сліпун Дістанта

Body length: ≈22 cm.

It is found in Eswatini, southern Mozambique, and South Africa. It inhabits savanna and shrubland at elevations of 250–1,600 m

leptotyphlops emini

(Leptotyphlops emini)

Emin Pasha’s Worm Snake

Стрункий сліпун Еміна

Body length: ≈11 cm.

It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and northern Zambia. It inhabits savanna and shrubland at elevations of 650–1,370 m.

leptotyphlops incognitus

(Leptotyphlops incognitus)

Incognito Thread Snake

The species occurs in southern Zambia and Malawi, northern and eastern Zimbabwe, central and southern Mozambique, north-eastern South Africa, and Eswatini, and possibly also eastern Botswana. It inhabits dry tropical forests, wet savannas and grasslands, under stones and fallen leaves, and in termite mounds.

leptotyphlops jacobseni

(Leptotyphlops jacobseni)

Jacobsen's Thread Snake

Стрункий сліпун Якобсена

It is endemic to South Africa, occurring in southern Limpopo and northern Mpumalanga. It inhabits high-altitude meadows, under rocks, and old termite mounds at elevations of 1,300–1,700 m.

leptotyphlops kafubi

(Leptotyphlops kafubi)

Shaba Thread Snake

It occurs in southern and central Africa, with confirmed records from Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia. Its preferred habitat is savannas, but it may also be found in disturbed or artificial terrestrial environments.

leptotyphlops macrops

(Leptotyphlops macrops)

Goggle-eyed Worm Snake

It is found exclusively along the coast of southern Kenya and northern Tanzania in East Africa. It inhabits coastal forests and humid savannas at altitudes of up to 100 m.

leptotyphlops merkeri

(Leptotyphlops merkeri)

Merker's Thread Snake

Стрункий сліпун Меркера

It is found on the mountain plateaus of the East African Plateau in Kenya and Tanzania. It inhabits wet and dry savannas, grasslands, and shrublands at altitudes of up to 1,500 m.

leptotyphlops nigricans

(Leptotyphlops nigricans)

Black Thread Snake

Чорний стрункий сліпун

Body length: 12.6–29.2 cm.

It is endemic to the Western and Eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa. It inhabits bushes, meadows, and savannas.

leptotyphlops scutifrons

(Leptotyphlops scutifrons)

Peter's Thread Snake

Стрункий сліпун Пітерса

It is found in Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Eswatini, and western Lesotho. It inhabits wet and dry savannas, grasslands, and coastal scrub.

leptotyphlops sylvicolus

(Leptotyphlops sylvicolus)

Forest Thread Snake

Стрункий сліпун лісовий

Body length: ≈10.5 cm.

It is endemic to South Africa, occurring in the provinces of KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape. It inhabits exclusively wooded areas.

leptotyphlops telloi

(Leptotyphlops telloi)

Tello's Thread Snake

Стрункий сліпун Телло

It is found in the Lubombo Mountains on the border of Eswatini and Mozambique, and probably also in South Africa. It inhabits montane savannas at altitudes of 125–700 m.

(Leptotyphlops)

This is a genus of nonvenomous blind snakes, endemic to Africa and found throughout the continent.

Pungwe Thread Snake (Leptotyphlops pungwensis), Pitman’s Thread Snake (Leptotyphlops pitmani), Pemba Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops pembae), Black-tip Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops nigroterminus), Mbanja Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops mbanjensis), Uvira Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops latirostris), Mount Kenya Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops keniensis), Howell’s Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops howelli), Emin Pasha’s Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops emini), Ethiopian Worm Snake (Leptotyphlops aethiopicus).

(Epacrophis drewesi)

Drewes’ Worm Snake

Сліпун Древеса

It is endemic to Kenya. It inhabits the transition zone between East African evergreen shrublands and Acacia–Commiphora bushland at an altitude of 1,300 m.

The genus (Epacrophis) also includes: Lamu Worm Snake (Epacrophis boulengeri), Reticulate Blind Snake (Epacrophis reticulatus).

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