(Pentanchidae)
Deepwater Catsharks
Глибоководні котячі акули
The deep-sea catsharks (family Pentanchidae) were, until recently, included within the catshark family (Scyliorhinidae), which was formerly the largest shark family. Recent taxonomic revisions, however, split the group into two distinct families: the deep-sea catsharks (Pentanchidae) and the catsharks (Scyliorhinidae). As a result, Pentanchidae is now the largest shark family, comprising 11 genera and at least 110 species. These numbers are likely to increase as fisheries and scientific exploration expand into deeper waters and new species continue to be discovered and described. Considerable taxonomic research is still required to better understand these poorly known sharks.
Deep-sea catsharks are found worldwide and, as their name suggests, primarily inhabit depths greater than 200 m, occurring down to about 2,200 m. Exceptions include the genera Halaelurus and Haploblepharus, which generally occur in shallower waters. Many species are known from only a few specimens; consequently, little is understood about the geographic distribution, conservation status, and biology of numerous species.
Most deep-sea catsharks are small, usually less than 80 cm in length; some mature at around 30 cm, and only a few species reach about 90 cm. They have an elongated body, two small spineless dorsal fins (with the base of the first dorsal fin positioned over or behind the pelvic-fin bases), and an anal fin. Externally, they resemble catsharks (Scyliorhinidae), but they differ in cranial structure. Deep-sea catsharks lack an internal supraorbital crest over the eye orbits, whereas catsharks possess such a crest.
Members of some genera, including the largest genus, Apristurus (demon catsharks), are extremely difficult to distinguish, even for specialists. Most species are oviparous, though a few are viviparous and give birth to live young. Egg cases are thick and may or may not possess corner tendrils used to anchor them to the seafloor or to invertebrate structures such as gorgonian corals. Incubation may last up to two or three years, depending on the species.
Although no deep-sea catsharks are known to undertake long-distance migrations, several species make vertical movements of hundreds of meters into midwater to feed. In some species, juveniles inhabit midwater habitats early in life. Their diet consists primarily of small bony fishes, cephalopods, crustaceans, and other invertebrates.
Approximately 69% of species have been assessed as Least Concern, and only about 10% are currently listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List. The great depths at which most species occur likely provide some refuge from fishing pressure. A few shallow-water species are maintained in public aquariums. None are considered dangerous to humans.
(Apristurus albisoma)
White-bodied Catshark
Котяча акула білувата
It is found in the western Pacific, in southern waters off New Caledonia, on the slopes of seamounts along the Norfolk Ridge and Lord Howe Rise, at depths of 935–1,564 m.
(Apristurus ampliceps)
Roughskin Catshark
Акула котяча чорна грубошкіра
It is found in the open seas near Australia and New Zealand, at depths of 800–1,503 m.
(Apristurus aphyodes)
White Ghost Catshark
Котяча акула біла примарна
It is found in deep water in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean between 57°N and 58°N, at depths of 1,014–1,800 m.
(Apristurus australis)
Pinocchio Catshark
Чорна котяча акула австралійська
It is found in Australia and possibly New Zealand, at depths of 590–1,000 m.
(Apristurus breviventralis)
Shortbelly Catshark
It is found in the Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean, at depths of 1,000–1,120 m.
(Apristurus brunneus)
Brown Catshark
Котяча акула коричнева
It is ranging from the northern Pacific waters off the coast of British Columbia and south to the Baja California peninsula in Mexico. They may live as far south as Ecuador and Peru. It occurs at depths of 30–650 m.
(Apristurus bucephalus)
Bighead Catshark
Великоголова котяча акула
It is recorded from only three specimens taken off Perth, Western Australia, at depths of 1,030–1,140 m.
(Apristurus canutus)
Hoary Catshark
Чорна котяча акула антильська
It is found in the western central Atlantic Ocean, in the Leeward Islands off Antigua and Anguilla, at depths of 500–1,000 m.
(Apristurus exsanguis)
Flaccid Catshark
Котяча акула новозеландська
It is found only around New Zealand, at depths of 560–1,200 m.
(Apristurus fedorovi)
Fedorov's Catshark
Чорна котяча акула Федорова
It is found in the north-western Pacific Ocean, on the Tohoku Slope off Japan, at depths of 100–1,500 m.
(Apristurus garricki)
Garrick's Catshark
Чорна котяча акула Гарріка
It is found in the open seas of New Zealand.
(Apristurus gibbosus)
Humpback Catshark
Котяча акула горбата
It is found in the north-western Pacific Ocean off Zhujiang, South China Sea, at depths to 915 m.
(Apristurus herklotsi)
Longfin Catshark
Довгоплавцева чорна котяча акула
It is found in the western Pacific from Japan to the Philippines, and the East and South China Seas, and the Kyūshū-Palau Ridge, at depths of 530–865 m.
(Apristurus indicus)
Smallbelly Catshark
Чорна котяча акула індійська
It is found in the western Indian Ocean near Somalia, the Gulf of Aden, and Oman, at depths of 1,300–1,840 m.
(Apristurus internatus)
Shortnose Demon Catshark
Демонічна котяча акула коротконоса
It is found only in deep water in the East China Sea.
(Apristurus investigatoris)
Broadnose Catshark
Чорна котяча акула широконоса
The holotype and only specimen being found in deep water in the Andaman Sea in the Indian Ocean between 16 and 10°N.
(Apristurus japonicus)
Japanese Catshark
Чорна котяча акула японська
It is found in the north-western Pacific off Chiba Prefecture, Honshū, Japan, between 36 and 34°N.
(Apristurus kampae)
Longnose Catshark
Чорна котяча акула носата
It is found in the eastern central Pacific Ocean, from central and southern California and the Gulf of California, between 38°N and 23°N, at depths to 1,890 m.
(Apristurus laurussonii)
Flathead Catshark
Котяча акула ісландська
It is found in the western Atlantic, from Massachusetts and Delaware to the northern Gulf of Mexico, and in the eastern Atlantic from Iceland and southwestern Ireland to the Canary Islands, Madeira, and South Africa. It occurs at depths of 550–1,450 m.
(Apristurus longicephalus)
Longhead Catshark
Чорна котяча акула довгоголова
It has a patchy distribution in the Indo-Pacific from Mozambique to southern Japan to northern Australia, at depths of 500–1,140 m.
(Apristurus macrorhynchus)
Flathead Catshark
Чорна котяча акула великорила
It is found in the north-western Pacific, off south-eastern Honshu, Japan, and Taiwan.
(Apristurus macrostomus)
Broadmouth Catshark
Чорна котяча акула широкорота
The holotype and only specimen was taken from off Zhujiang in the South China Sea, at a depth of 913 m.
(Apristurus manis)
Ghost Catshark
Чорна котяча акула примарна
It is found in deep water in the Atlantic Ocean between 40° and 60°N, at depths of 600–1,900 m. It occurs on the continental slopes off Massachusetts in the United States and on Porcupine Bank west of Ireland. It has also been reported from deep water in the vicinity of Cape Town, South Africa.
(Apristurus manocheriani)
Manocherian's Catshark
Чорна котяча акула Маночеріана
It is found in the south-western Indian Ocean, at the southern end of the Madagascar Ridge, specifically at Walters Shoal, at depths of 89–1,300 m.
(Apristurus melanoasper)
Fleshynose Catshark
Чорна грубошкіра котяча акула
It is found in the North Atlantic, as well as off southern Australia and New Zealand. It inhabits continental shelves at depths of 510–1,520 m.
(Apristurus microps)
Smalleye Catshark
Чорна котяча акула малоока
It is found in the south-eastern Atlantic, from the Orange River to Cape Agulhas, South Africa; it is also known from the North Atlantic. It occurs at depths of 1,000–2,200 m.
(Apristurus micropterygeus)
Smalldorsal Catshark
Короткоспинна котяча акула
It is found in the South China Sea, at depths to 915 m.
(Apristurus nakayai)
Milk-eye Catshark
Чорна котяча акула молочноока
It is found in the open seas of Coriolis Bank off western New Caledonia, at depths of 953–1,022 m.
(Apristurus nasutus)
Largenose Catshark
Чорна котяча акула великоноса
It is found on the upper continental slopes in the eastern Pacific, from the Gulf of Panama to Ecuador and central Chile, between 9°N and 28°S. It occurs at depths of 400–925 m.
(Apristurus parvipinnis)
Smallfin Catshark
Чорна котяча акула короткоплавцева
It is found in the western Atlantic at depths of 35–1,115 m.
(Apristurus pinguis)
Bulldog Catshark
Гладка котяча акула
It is found in the deep waters of the East China Sea and the north-western Pacific Ocean, at depths of 200–1,000 m.
(Apristurus platyrhynchus)
Spatulasnout Catshark
Чорна котяча акула пласкоголова
It is found in the western Pacific Ocean, ranging from southern Japan to Kalimantan, and occurring in the waters of the Philippines and western China.
(Apristurus profundorum)
Deepwater Catshark
Глибоководна котяча акула
It is found in the western Atlantic from Delaware Bay to Suriname, and in the eastern Atlantic from Morocco to north-western Africa, at depths of 256–1,830 m.
(Apristurus riveri)
Broadgill Catshark
Широкозяброва чорна котяча акула
It is found in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, between 30°N and 9° N, on the continental slopes at depths of 700–1,500 m.
(Apristurus saldanha)
Saldanha Catshark
Чорна котяча акула Салданха
It is found from Cape Columbine to south of False Bay in South Africa, between 31°S–40°S, at depths of 344–1,009 m.
(Apristurus sibogae)
Pale Catshark
Чорна котяча акула макасарська
The only known specimen was collected on the slope of the Makassar Strait, between Borneo and Sulawesi, at a depth of 655 m.
(Apristurus sinensis)
South China Catshark
Чорна котяча акула китайська
It is known only from the holotype, which was taken from the South China Sea at a depth of 537 m.
(Apristurus spongiceps)
Spongehead Catshark
Губчаста котяча акула
It is known from only two specimens collected in the Pacific Ocean: an adult taken near Bird Island, Hawaii, and a juvenile from the Banda Sea off Sulawesi. It occurs on or near the bottom along insular continental slopes at depths of 570–1,480 m.
(Apristurus yangi)
Yang's Longnose Catshark
Довгоноса котяча акула Янга
It is believed to inhabit the Bismarck Archipelago, north-east of Papua New Guinea. It might live in the depths of 630–786 m.
(Apristurus stenseni)
Panama Ghost Catshark
Чорна котяча акула панамська
It is only found off Panama, between 9°N and 2°N. It occurs at depths of 915–975 m.
The genus (Apristurus) also includes: Copy Catshark (Apristurus iterum).
(Akheilos suwartanai)
Ambon Catshark
Амбонська котяча акула
The type locality is Rumahkay, southwest of Seram Island, between Seram and Ambon Islands in eastern Indonesia.