(Etmopteridae)
Lantern Sharks
Ліхтарні акули
The Etmopteridae is the largest family of squaloid sharks, comprising more than 51 species in four genera: Aculeola, Centroscyllium, Etmopterus, and Trigonognathus. Members of the family occur in deep waters throughout much of the world; some species have wide distributions, while many are endemic to restricted regions. New species continue to be described. The family includes what are believed to be the smallest known shark species, Etmopterus carteri and Etmopterus perryi, which reach sexual maturity and give birth to live young at lengths of only 10–20 cm.
Members of this family are dwarf to moderate-sized sharks (adults 10–107cm long) with photophores, inconspicuous or forming distinct black marks on abdomen, flanks or caudal fin (confined to or denser on ventral surface). Two dorsal fins with strong, grooved spines (second fin and spine usually larger). No anal fin. No precaudal pits or lateral keels on caudal peduncle. Centroscyllium species (combtooth dogfishes) have short to moderately long snouts, comb-like teeth with cusps and cusplets in both jaws, and strong, grooved dorsal spines (second strikingly larger than first). Lanternsharks, Etmopterus species, often have dark markings (light organs, or photophores) on flanks and underside. Second dorsal fin and spine are much larger than the first. Some species have lines of denticles along their flanks and dorsal surfaces that give them an engraved appearance. Trigonognathus (viper dogfishes) have very distinctive teeth. These deepsea sharks tend to be in poor condition when collected due to damage by fishing gear. It is also hard to confirm identifications without examining details of denticle and tooth structure, coloration and photophore patterns, and taking precise body measurements.
Most species are deep-water, bottom-dwelling sharks that typically inhabit depths of 200–1,500 m, (range 0–4,500 m). Some species are semi-oceanic. Several etmopterid sharks are known to be social, forming aggregations that range from small groups to large schools.
Reproduction is viviparous with yolk-sac nourishment in the species studied to date, with litter sizes ranging from 3 to 40 pups. Most species are relatively common but remain poorly known because of their deep-sea habits. Approximately 82% of assessed species are classified as Least Concern.
(Aculeola nigra)
Hooktooth Dogfish
Акулеола чорна
It is found in the eastern South Pacific along the coast of South America from Peru to central Chile, at depths of 110–560 m.
(Centroscyllium fabricii)
Black Dogfish
Зубата акула чорна
It is distributed widely in the Atlantic Ocean, from Greenland and Iceland to Virginia and West Africa in the north, and off south-western Africa and Argentina in the south. It is common over the outer continental shelf and continental slope at depths of 180–2,250 m.
(Centroscyllium granulatum)
Granular Dogfish
Зубата акула гранульована
It has only been found around the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic. It has been caught at around 450 m depth.
(Centroscyllium ritteri)
Whitefin Dogfish
Зубата акула білоплавцева
It is found in the north-west Pacific Ocean off the south-eastern coast of Japan, between the latitudes of 35 and 32°N. It inhabits continental slopes and seamounts at a depths of 320–1,100 m.
(Centroscyllium ornatum)
Ornate Dogfish
Зубата акула вишукана
It is found in deepwater on the continental slopes of the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, at depths of 520–1,260 m.
(Centroscyllium nigrum)
Combtooth Dogfish
Зубата акула гребнізуба
It is found in the eastern Pacific and around Hawaii. It is an uncommon deepwater shark that inhabits close to the bottom of 400–1,145 m.
(Centroscyllium kamoharai)
Bareskin Dogfish
Зубата акула гладкошкіра
It is found in the western Pacific from southern Japan to western and south-eastern Australia as well as in New Zealand waters.
(Centroscyllium excelsum)
Highfin Dogfish
Зубата акула високоплавцева
It is found in the north-west Pacific Ocean on the Emperor Seamount chain between latitudes 50 and 38°N, at depths of 800–1,000 m.
(Etmopterus brachyurus)
Short-tail Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула короткохвоста
It is found from Honshu (Japan) to the Philippines and north-western Australia, at depths of 450–900 m.
(Etmopterus bigelowi)
Smooth Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула розпливчаста
In the Atlantic Ocean, it is known from the Gulf of Mexico to Argentina, and off western and southern Africa. In the Indo-Pacific, it has been reported from off Okinawa and Australia, as well as on the Emperor and Hancock Seamounts in the central North Pacific and over the Nazca Plate off Peru. It occurs at depths of 110–1,000 m.
(Etmopterus brosei)
Barrie's Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула Беррі
It is found in the Southwest Indian Ocean and Southeast Atlantic Ocean (precisely in South Africa, Madagascar Ridge, and southern Mozambique). It lives on seamounts and continental slopes at depths of 480–1,200 m.
(Etmopterus bullisi)
Lined Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула вирівняна
It is found in the western Atlantic from North Carolina to northern Florida, and Honduras, between latitudes 34°N and 15°N, at depths of up to 850 m.
(Etmopterus burgessi)
Taiwan Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула широконоса
It is found only around Taiwan at depths of 300–600 m.
(Etmopterus carteri)
Cylindrical Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула циліндрична
It is found along the Caribbean coast of Colombia in South America, at depths of 285–355 m.
(Etmopterus caudistigmus)
Tailspot Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула плямистохвоста
found around New Caledonia, at depths of 640–800 m.
(Etmopterus compagnoi)
Compagno's Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула коричнева
It is found in the southeast Atlantic off south-western Cape Province and northern Natal in South Africa at a depth of 479–923 m.
(Etmopterus decacuspidatus)
Combtooth Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула гребнізуба
It is found from the South China Sea between the Viet Nam coast and Hainan Island, at a depth of 510–690 m.
(Etmopterus dianthus)
Pink Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула рожева
It is found around Australia and New Caledonia, at depths of 108–880 m.
(Etmopterus dislineatus)
Lined Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула лінійна
It is found in the central Coral Sea at depths of 590–800 m.
(Etmopterus evansi)
Blackmouth Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула чорнорота
It is found along the continental slopes off the northwestern coast of Western Australia, in the Arafura Sea south of the Tanimbar Islands (Indonesia), and off the coast of Papua New Guinea, at depths of 430–550 m.
(Etmopterus fusus)
Pygmy Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула карликова
It is found in the eastern Indian Ocean from northern Western Australia and possibly Java, at depths of 430–550 m.
(Etmopterus gracilispinis)
Broad-banded Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула широкосмугаста
It is found in the western and southeast Atlantic, between latitudes 40°N and 45°S, at depths of 70–1,000 m.
(Etmopterus hillianus)
Caribbean Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула карибська
It is found from the coasts of Virginia and Florida (United States) to Haiti and the Lesser Antilles, at depths of 180–720 m.
(Etmopterus granulosus)
Southern Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула південна
It is found off the southern coast of South America, including off Patagonia in Argentina and along the coast of Chile, between 29°S and 59°S, at depths of 220–1,460 m.
(Etmopterus joungi)
Short-fin Smooth Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула короткоплавцева
It is found off the north-eastern coast of Taiwan, at depths of 430–550 m.
(Etmopterus lailae)
Laila's Lanternshark
Ліхтаряна акула Лайли
It is found in the north-western Hawaiian Islands (Koko and south Kanmu seamounts), at depths of 314–384 m.
(Etmopterus litvinovi)
Smalleye Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула малоока
It is found in the southeastern Pacific Ocean off Peru and Chile, at depths of 630–1,100 m. It appears to be endemic to two areas: the Nazca Ridge and the Sala y Gómez Ridge.
(Etmopterus lucifer)
Blackbelly Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула чорночерева
It is found around the world in tropical and temperate seas at depths of 150–1,250 m.
(Etmopterus marshae)
Marsha's Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула Марші
It occurs in the western Pacific in a small area between Taiwan and the Philippines, near the Batanes, at depths of 322–337 m.
(Etmopterus molleri)
Moller's Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула тонкохвоста
It is found off New South Wales and Queensland (Australia), New Zealand, Japan, and Taiwan, with a small range in the waters off Mozambique, at depths of 250–860 m.
(Etmopterus parini)
Parini’s Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула Паріна
It is found in the north-western Pacific Ocean.
(Etmopterus perryi)
Dwarf Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула Перрі
It is known to be present only on the upper continental slopes off Colombia and Venezuela, at a depth of 283–439 m.
(Etmopterus polli)
African Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула африканська
It is found along the west coast of Africa, from Guinea-Bissau to Angola, at a depth of 300–1,000 m.
(Etmopterus princeps)
Great Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула велика
It is found off Canada, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, France, the Bay of Biscay, the Azores, the Canary Islands, Gibraltar, Mauritania, and Morocco. It also occurs off the coasts of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York in the United States. It lives at depths of 570–2,200 m.
(Etmopterus pseudosqualiolus)
False Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула псевдокарликова
It is found in the western Pacific from the Norfolk Ridge and Lord Howe Ridge off New Caledonia, at depths of 1,043–1,102 m.
(Etmopterus pusillus)
Slender Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула гладенька
In the Atlantic Ocean, it occurs from the Gulf of Mexico to Argentina in the west, from Portugal to South Africa in the east, and along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In the Indian Ocean, it is found off KwaZulu-Natal and Madagascar. In the Pacific Ocean, it occurs from the East China Sea to southern Japan, in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, off Australia and New Zealand, and over the Nazca Plate. It occurs on continental and insular shelves and slopes at depths of 274–1,000 m.
(Etmopterus pycnolepis)
Dense-scale Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула гладка
It is found in the south-eastern Pacific Ocean off Peru and Chile, in the region of the Sala y Gómez Ridge and the Nazca Ridge.
(Etmopterus robinsi)
West Indian Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула вест-індійська
It is found off Florida (United States), Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, the Lesser Antilles, and the Virgin Islands, at depths of 400–800 m.
(Etmopterus samadiae)
Papuan Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула папуаська
It is found in the waters of Papua New Guinea, at depths of 340–785 m.
(Etmopterus schmidti)
Ліхтарна акула Шмідта
It is found in the north-western Pacific Ocean, from the warm-temperate waters off Japan to the northern South China Sea, at depths of 250–500 m.
(Etmopterus schultzi)
Fringefin Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула Шульца
It is endemic to the Gulf of Mexico. Its range extends along the continental slopes off eastern Mexico, the southern United States, and western Florida, at depths of 220–915 m.
(Etmopterus sculptus)
Sculpted Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула-скульптор
It is found from the Southeast Atlantic and Southwest Indian Ocean, specifically from Namibia to southern Mozambique and the Madagascar Ridge, at depths of 450–900 m.
(Etmopterus sentosus)
Thorny Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула рогата
It is found in the western Indian Ocean, from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) to Kenya, at depths of 200–500 m.
(Etmopterus sheikoi)
Rasptooth Dogfish
Акула рашпілезуба
It is found on the Kyushu–Palau Ridge in the north-west Pacific Ocean at depths up to 360 m.
(Etmopterus spinax)
Velvet Belly Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула колюча
It is found in the eastern Atlantic, ranging from Iceland and Norway to Gabon, including the Mediterranean Sea, the Azores, the Canary Islands, and Cape Verde, and also off the Cape Province of South Africa, at depths of 20–2,490 m.
(Etmopterus splendidus)
Splendid Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула чудова
It is found in the western Pacific off southern Japan, Taiwan, and Java, Indonesia, at depths of 120–210 m.
(Etmopterus unicolor)
Brown Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула наїжачена
It is found off Japan and New Zealand, and possibly also South Africa and Australia, at depths of 402–1,380 m.
(Etmopterus viator)
Traveler Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула синьоока
It is found on the northern part of the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Ocean, at the Macquarie Ridge, and off New Zealand and South Africa, at depths of 830–1,400 m.
(Etmopterus villosus)
Hawaiian Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула гавайська
It is found in the Hawaiian Islands at depths of 280–1,610 m.
(Etmopterus virens)
Green Lantern Shark
Ліхтарна акула зелена
It is found in the western-central Atlantic at depths of 196–915 m. In the Gulf of Mexico, it occurs from Texas to Florida and Cuba, and off the Yucatán Peninsula. In the Caribbean Sea, it is found off Honduras and Nicaragua, and from Panama to Venezuela, possibly extending as far as Brazil.
(Etmopterus westraliensis)
West Australian Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула західноавстралійська
It is known from six specimens collected in the Indian Ocean off Western Australia, from Ledge Point in the south to Exmouth in the north, at depths of around 609 m.
(Etmopterus alphus)
Whitecheek Lanternshark
Ліхтарна акула білощока
It is found in the western Indian Ocean off Mozambique, at depths of 472–792 m.
The genus (Etmopterus) also includes: Blackbelly Lanternshark (Etmopterus abernethyi), Li’s Lanternshark (Etmopterus lii).
(Trigonognathus kabeyai)
Viper Dogfish
Акула-гадюка
It is found in the Pacific Ocean off southern Japan, the Bonin Islands, northern Taitung County, and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It inhabits upper continental slopes and seamounts at depths of 150–360 m.