(Etmopteridae)

Lantern Sharks

Ліхтарні акули

The Etmopteridae is the largest family of squaloid sharks, comprising more than 51 species in four genera: Aculeola, Centroscyllium, Etmopterus, and Trigonognathus. Members of the family occur in deep waters throughout much of the world; some species have wide distributions, while many are endemic to restricted regions. New species continue to be described. The family includes what are believed to be the smallest known shark species, Etmopterus carteri and Etmopterus perryi, which reach sexual maturity and give birth to live young at lengths of only 10–20 cm.

Members of this family are dwarf to moderate-sized sharks (adults 10–107cm long) with photophores, inconspicuous or forming distinct black marks on abdomen, flanks or caudal fin (confined to or denser on ventral surface). Two dorsal fins with strong, grooved spines (second fin and spine usually larger). No anal fin. No precaudal pits or lateral keels on caudal peduncle. Centroscyllium species (combtooth dogfishes) have short to moderately long snouts, comb-like teeth with cusps and cusplets in both jaws, and strong, grooved dorsal spines (second strikingly larger than first). Lanternsharks, Etmopterus species, often have dark markings (light organs, or photophores) on flanks and underside. Second dorsal fin and spine are much larger than the first. Some species have lines of denticles along their flanks and dorsal surfaces that give them an engraved appearance. Trigonognathus (viper dogfishes) have very distinctive teeth. These deepsea sharks tend to be in poor condition when collected due to damage by fishing gear. It is also hard to confirm identifications without examining details of denticle and tooth structure, coloration and photophore patterns, and taking precise body measurements.

Most species are deep-water, bottom-dwelling sharks that typically inhabit depths of 200–1,500 m, (range 0–4,500 m). Some species are semi-oceanic. Several etmopterid sharks are known to be social, forming aggregations that range from small groups to large schools.

Reproduction is viviparous with yolk-sac nourishment in the species studied to date, with litter sizes ranging from 3 to 40 pups. Most species are relatively common but remain poorly known because of their deep-sea habits. Approximately 82% of assessed species are classified as Least Concern.

 

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Aculeola nigra

(Aculeola nigra)

Hooktooth Dogfish

Акулеола чорна

Total length: <60 cm.

It is found in the eastern South Pacific along the coast of South America from Peru to central Chile, at depths of 110–560 m.

Centroscyllium fabricii

(Centroscyllium fabricii)

Black Dogfish

Зубата акула чорна

Total length: 60–75 cm.

It is distributed widely in the Atlantic Ocean, from Greenland and Iceland to Virginia and West Africa in the north, and off south-western Africa and Argentina in the south. It is common over the outer continental shelf and continental slope at depths of 180–2,250 m.

Centroscyllium granulatum

(Centroscyllium granulatum)

Granular Dogfish

Зубата акула гранульована

Total length: <28 cm.

It has only been found around the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic. It has been caught at around 450 m depth.

Centroscyllium ritteri

(Centroscyllium ritteri)

Whitefin Dogfish

Зубата акула білоплавцева

Total length: <43 cm.

It is found in the north-west Pacific Ocean off the south-eastern coast of Japan, between the latitudes of 35 and 32°N. It inhabits continental slopes and seamounts at a depths of 320–1,100 m.

Centroscyllium ornatum

(Centroscyllium ornatum)

Ornate Dogfish

Зубата акула вишукана

Total length: <30 cm.

It is found in deepwater on the continental slopes of the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, at depths of 520–1,260 m.

Centroscyllium nigrum

(Centroscyllium nigrum)

Combtooth Dogfish

Зубата акула гребнізуба

Total length: <50 cm.

It is found in the eastern Pacific and around Hawaii. It is an uncommon deepwater shark that inhabits close to the bottom of 400–1,145 m.

Centroscyllium kamoharai

(Centroscyllium kamoharai)

Bareskin Dogfish

Зубата акула гладкошкіра

Total length: <40 cm.

It is found in the western Pacific from southern Japan to western and south-eastern Australia as well as in New Zealand waters.

Centroscyllium excelsum

(Centroscyllium excelsum)

Highfin Dogfish

Зубата акула високоплавцева

Total length: <63 cm.

It is found in the north-west Pacific Ocean on the Emperor Seamount chain between latitudes 50 and 38°N, at depths of 800–1,000 m.

Etmopterus brachyurus

(Etmopterus brachyurus)

Short-tail Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула короткохвоста

Total length: <50 cm.

It is found from Honshu (Japan) to the Philippines and north-western Australia, at depths of 450–900 m.

Etmopterus bigelowi

(Etmopterus bigelowi)

Smooth Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула розпливчаста

Total length: <67 cm.

In the Atlantic Ocean, it is known from the Gulf of Mexico to Argentina, and off western and southern Africa. In the Indo-Pacific, it has been reported from off Okinawa and Australia, as well as on the Emperor and Hancock Seamounts in the central North Pacific and over the Nazca Plate off Peru. It occurs at depths of 110–1,000 m.

Etmopterus brosei

(Etmopterus brosei)

Barrie's Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула Беррі

Total length: <51 cm.

It is found in the Southwest Indian Ocean and Southeast Atlantic Ocean (precisely in South Africa, Madagascar Ridge, and southern Mozambique). It lives on seamounts and continental slopes at depths of 480–1,200 m.

Etmopterus bullisi

(Etmopterus bullisi)

Lined Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула вирівняна

Total length: <26 cm.

It is found in the western Atlantic from North Carolina to northern Florida, and Honduras, between latitudes 34°N and 15°N, at depths of up to 850 m.

Etmopterus burgessi

(Etmopterus burgessi)

Taiwan Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула широконоса

Total length: <41 cm.

It is found only around Taiwan at depths of 300–600 m.

Etmopterus carteri

(Etmopterus carteri)

Cylindrical Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула циліндрична

Total length: <21 cm.

It is found along the Caribbean coast of Colombia in South America, at depths of 285–355 m.

Etmopterus caudistigmus

(Etmopterus caudistigmus)

Tailspot Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула плямистохвоста

Total length: <31 cm.

found around New Caledonia, at depths of 640–800 m.

Etmopterus compagnoi

(Etmopterus compagnoi)

Compagno's Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула коричнева

Total length: <78 cm.

It is found in the southeast Atlantic off south-western Cape Province and northern Natal in South Africa at a depth of 479–923 m.

Etmopterus decacuspidatus

(Etmopterus decacuspidatus)

Combtooth Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула гребнізуба

Total length: <29 cm.

It is found from the South China Sea between the Viet Nam coast and Hainan Island, at a depth of 510–690 m.

Etmopterus dianthus

(Etmopterus dianthus)

Pink Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула рожева

Total length: <41 cm.

It is found around Australia and New Caledonia, at depths of 108–880 m.

Etmopterus dislineatus

(Etmopterus dislineatus)

Lined Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула лінійна

Total length: <45 cm.

It is found in the central Coral Sea at depths of 590–800 m.

Etmopterus evansi

(Etmopterus evansi)

Blackmouth Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула чорнорота

Total length: <32 cm.

It is found along the continental slopes off the northwestern coast of Western Australia, in the Arafura Sea south of the Tanimbar Islands (Indonesia), and off the coast of Papua New Guinea, at depths of 430–550 m.

Etmopterus fusus

(Etmopterus fusus)

Pygmy Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула карликова

Total length: <26 cm.

It is found in the eastern Indian Ocean from northern Western Australia and possibly Java, at depths of 430–550 m.

Etmopterus gracilispinis

(Etmopterus gracilispinis)

Broad-banded Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула широкосмугаста

Total length: <35 cm.

It is found in the western and southeast Atlantic, between latitudes 40°N and 45°S, at depths of 70–1,000 m.

Etmopterus hillianus

(Etmopterus hillianus)

Caribbean Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула карибська

Total length: <50 cm.

It is found from the coasts of Virginia and Florida (United States) to Haiti and the Lesser Antilles, at depths of 180–720 m.

Etmopterus granulosus

(Etmopterus granulosus)

Southern Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула південна

Total length: <60 cm.

It is found off the southern coast of South America, including off Patagonia in Argentina and along the coast of Chile, between 29°S and 59°S, at depths of 220–1,460 m.

Etmopterus joungi

(Etmopterus joungi)

Short-fin Smooth Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула короткоплавцева

Total length: <45.6 cm.

It is found off the north-eastern coast of Taiwan, at depths of 430–550 m.

Etmopterus lailae

(Etmopterus lailae)

Laila's Lanternshark

Ліхтаряна акула Лайли

Total length: <36.8 cm.

It is found in the north-western Hawaiian Islands (Koko and south Kanmu seamounts), at depths of 314–384 m.

Etmopterus litvinovi

(Etmopterus litvinovi)

Smalleye Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула малоока

Total length: <61 cm.

It is found in the southeastern Pacific Ocean off Peru and Chile, at depths of 630–1,100 m. It appears to be endemic to two areas: the Nazca Ridge and the Sala y Gómez Ridge.

Etmopterus lucifer

(Etmopterus lucifer)

Blackbelly Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула чорночерева

Total length: <47 cm.

It is found around the world in tropical and temperate seas at depths of 150–1,250 m.

Etmopterus marshae

(Etmopterus marshae)

Marsha's Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула Марші

Total length: <23.4 cm.

It occurs in the western Pacific in a small area between Taiwan and the Philippines, near the Batanes, at depths of 322–337 m.

Etmopterus molleri

(Etmopterus molleri)

Moller's Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула тонкохвоста

Total length: <46 cm.

It is found off New South Wales and Queensland (Australia), New Zealand, Japan, and Taiwan, with a small range in the waters off Mozambique, at depths of 250–860 m.

Etmopterus parini

(Etmopterus parini)

Parini’s Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула Паріна

It is found in the north-western Pacific Ocean.

Etmopterus perryi

(Etmopterus perryi)

Dwarf Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула Перрі

Total length: <20 cm.

It is known to be present only on the upper continental slopes off Colombia and Venezuela, at a depth of 283–439 m.

Etmopterus polli

(Etmopterus polli)

African Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула африканська

Total length: <30 cm.

It is found along the west coast of Africa, from Guinea-Bissau to Angola, at a depth of 300–1,000 m.

Etmopterus princeps

(Etmopterus princeps)

Great Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула велика

Total length: <75 cm.

It is found off Canada, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, France, the Bay of Biscay, the Azores, the Canary Islands, Gibraltar, Mauritania, and Morocco. It also occurs off the coasts of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York in the United States. It lives at depths of 5702,200 m.

Etmopterus pseudosqualiolus

(Etmopterus pseudosqualiolus)

False Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула псевдокарликова

Total length: <43.5 cm.

It is found in the western Pacific from the Norfolk Ridge and Lord Howe Ridge off New Caledonia, at depths of 1,043–1,102 m.

Etmopterus pusillus

(Etmopterus pusillus)

Slender Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула гладенька

Total length: <50 cm.

In the Atlantic Ocean, it occurs from the Gulf of Mexico to Argentina in the west, from Portugal to South Africa in the east, and along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In the Indian Ocean, it is found off KwaZulu-Natal and Madagascar. In the Pacific Ocean, it occurs from the East China Sea to southern Japan, in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, off Australia and New Zealand, and over the Nazca Plate. It occurs on continental and insular shelves and slopes at depths of 274–1,000 m.

Etmopterus pycnolepis

(Etmopterus pycnolepis)

Dense-scale Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула гладка

Total length: <51 cm.

It is found in the south-eastern Pacific Ocean off Peru and Chile, in the region of the Sala y Gómez Ridge and the Nazca Ridge.

Etmopterus robinsi

(Etmopterus robinsi)

West Indian Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула вест-індійська

Total length: <31 cm.

It is found off Florida (United States), Cuba, Haiti, Nicaragua, the Lesser Antilles, and the Virgin Islands, at depths of 400–800 m.

Etmopterus samadiae

(Etmopterus samadiae)

Papuan Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула папуаська

Total length: <28 cm.

It is found in the waters of Papua New Guinea, at depths of 340–785 m.

Etmopterus schmidti

(Etmopterus schmidti)

Ліхтарна акула Шмідта

Total length: <36 cm.

It is found in the north-western Pacific Ocean, from the warm-temperate waters off Japan to the northern South China Sea, at depths of 250–500 m.

Etmopterus schultzi

(Etmopterus schultzi)

Fringefin Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула Шульца

Total length: 27–30 cm.

It is endemic to the Gulf of Mexico. Its range extends along the continental slopes off eastern Mexico, the southern United States, and western Florida, at depths of 220–915 m.

Etmopterus sculptus

(Etmopterus sculptus)

Sculpted Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула-скульптор

Total length: <51.5 cm.

It is found from the Southeast Atlantic and Southwest Indian Ocean, specifically from Namibia to southern Mozambique and the Madagascar Ridge, at depths of 450–900 m.

Etmopterus sentosus

(Etmopterus sentosus)

Thorny Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула рогата

Total length: <27 cm.

It is found in the western Indian Ocean, from KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) to Kenya, at depths of 200–500 m.

Etmopterus sheikoi

(Etmopterus sheikoi)

Rasptooth Dogfish

Акула рашпілезуба

Total length: <43.2 cm.

It is found on the Kyushu–Palau Ridge in the north-west Pacific Ocean at depths up to 360 m.

Etmopterus spinax

(Etmopterus spinax)

Velvet Belly Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула колюча

Total length: <45 cm.

It is found in the eastern Atlantic, ranging from Iceland and Norway to Gabon, including the Mediterranean Sea, the Azores, the Canary Islands, and Cape Verde, and also off the Cape Province of South Africa, at depths of 20–2,490 m.

Etmopterus splendidus

(Etmopterus splendidus)

Splendid Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула чудова

Total length: <30 cm.

It is found in the western Pacific off southern Japan, Taiwan, and Java, Indonesia, at depths of 120–210 m.

Etmopterus unicolor

(Etmopterus unicolor)

Brown Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула наїжачена

Total length: <75 cm.

It is found off Japan and New Zealand, and possibly also South Africa and Australia, at depths of 402–1,380 m.

Etmopterus viator

(Etmopterus viator)

Traveler Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула синьоока

Total length: <57.7 cm.

It is found on the northern part of the Kerguelen Plateau in the Southern Ocean, at the Macquarie Ridge, and off New Zealand and South Africa, at depths of 830–1,400 m.

Etmopterus villosus

(Etmopterus villosus)

Hawaiian Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула гавайська

Total length: <46 cm.

It is found in the Hawaiian Islands at depths of 280–1,610 m.

Etmopterus virens

(Etmopterus virens)

Green Lantern Shark

Ліхтарна акула зелена

Total length: 23–26 см.

It is found in the western-central Atlantic at depths of 196–915 m. In the Gulf of Mexico, it occurs from Texas to Florida and Cuba, and off the Yucatán Peninsula. In the Caribbean Sea, it is found off Honduras and Nicaragua, and from Panama to Venezuela, possibly extending as far as Brazil.

Etmopterus westraliensis

(Etmopterus westraliensis)

West Australian Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула західноавстралійська

Total length: <39 cm.

It is known from six specimens collected in the Indian Ocean off Western Australia, from Ledge Point in the south to Exmouth in the north, at depths of around 609 m.

Etmopterus alphus

(Etmopterus alphus)

Whitecheek Lanternshark

Ліхтарна акула білощока

Total length: <33.6 cm.

It is found in the western Indian Ocean off Mozambique, at depths of 472–792 m.

The genus (Etmopterus) also includes: Blackbelly Lanternshark (Etmopterus abernethyi), Li’s Lanternshark (Etmopterus lii).

Trigonognathus kabeyai

(Trigonognathus kabeyai)

Viper Dogfish

Акула-гадюка

Total length: <54 cm.
Weight: ≈425 g.

It is found in the Pacific Ocean off southern Japan, the Bonin Islands, northern Taitung County, and the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. It inhabits upper continental slopes and seamounts at depths of 150–360 m.